Abstract
Background: Adaptive emotional responses are important in interpersonal relationships. We investigated self-reported emotional experience, physiological reactivity, and micro-facial expressivity in relation to the social nature of stimuli in individuals with schizophrenia (SZ).Method: Galvanic skin response (GSR) and facial electromyography (fEMG) were recorded in medicated outpatients with SZ and demographically matched healthy controls (CO) while they viewed social and non-social images from the International Affective Pictures System. Participants rated the valence and arousal, and selected a label for experienced emotions. Symptom severity in the SZ and psychometric schizotypy in CO were assessed.Results: The two groups did not differ in their labeling of the emotions evoked by the stimuli, but individuals with SZ were more positive in their valence ratings. Although self-reported arousal was similar in both groups, mean GSR was greater in SZ, suggesting differential awareness, or calibration of internal states. Both groups reported social images to be more arousing than non-social images but their physiological responses to non-social vs. social images were different. Self-reported arousal to neutral social images was correlated with positive symptoms in SZ. Negative symptoms in SZ and disorganized schizotypy in CO were associated with reduced mean fEMG. Greater corrugator mean fEMG activity for positive images in SZ indicates valence-incongruent facial expressions.Conclusion: The patterns of emotional responses differed between the two groups. While both groups were in broad agreement in self-reported arousal and emotion labels, their mean GSR, and fEMG correlates of emotion diverged in relation to the social nature of the stimuli and clinical measures. Importantly, these results suggest disrupted self awareness of internal states in SZ and underscore the complexities of emotion processing in health and disease.
Highlights
Emotional disturbances are core features of schizophrenia (SZ) and play a major role in functional outcome (Kring and Moran, 2008; Strauss and Herbener, 2011; Kring and Barch, 2014)
While overt facial expressions are reduced in SZ, recruitment of facial muscles involved in the production of emotional expressions may be intact, as detected by facial electromyography
Increased zygomatic activity corresponds to positive/pleasant stimuli and increased corrugator activity to negative/aversive stimuli. facial electromyography (fEMG) data suggest that overt facial expressions may be imperceptible to the observer, individuals with SZ may be engaging the facial muscles associated with these expressions, albeit at an attenuated level (Mattes et al, 1995; Wolf et al, 2006)
Summary
Emotional disturbances are core features of schizophrenia (SZ) and play a major role in functional outcome (Kring and Moran, 2008; Strauss and Herbener, 2011; Kring and Barch, 2014). Appropriate emotional responses within an ongoing social context are crucial to navigating interpersonal relationships but in individuals with SZ, components of emotional responses such as subjective experiences, expression, and physiological arousal may be fragmented rather than cohesively integrated. Subjective emotional experiences in-the-moment appear to be either intact or even exaggerated in SZ whether in the laboratory (Kring and Neale, 1996; Herbener et al, 2008; Cohen and Minor, 2010; Folley and Park, 2010; Cumming et al, 2011), or in daily life (Myin-Germeys and Delespaul, 2000), but the outward expression of emotions may be compromised. While overt facial expressions are reduced in SZ, recruitment of facial muscles involved in the production of emotional expressions may be intact, as detected by facial electromyography (fEMG; Kring et al, 1999). We investigated self-reported emotional experience, physiological reactivity, and microfacial expressivity in relation to the social nature of stimuli in individuals with schizophrenia (SZ)
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