Complex patterns of the HIV-1 epidemic in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: Evidence for expansion of circulating recombinant form CRF33_01B and detection of multiple other recombinants

Abstract

The HIV protease-reverse transcriptase (PR-RT) (1047 bp), gp120-env (891 bp) and gp41-env (547 bp) regions from the plasma of 115 HIV-1-infected patients in Kuala Lumpur (KL), Malaysia were sequenced. Detailed phylogenetic and bootscanning analyses were performed to determine the mosaic structure of the HIV-1 strains and their recombination breakpoint(s). Among the 50 patient samples in which all three regions could be amplified, the HIV-1 CRF01_AE subtype (46%) was predominant followed by subtypes B (10%) and B′ (6%). A total of 9/50 (18%) patients were infected with a CRF01_AE/B inter-subtype recombinant, displaying a recombinant form (RF) PR-RT, CRF01_AE gp120-env and CRF01_AE gp41-env . This RF was derived from the Thai variants of CRF01_AE and B′ subtype, with two distinct B′ subtype segments in the backbone of CRF01_AE, similar to the newly identified CRF33_01B. In addition, one sample demonstrated a close structural relationship with the new CRF33_01B in the PR-RT region but displayed B′ segment in part of the env region (RF PR-RT, CRF01_AE/B′ gp120-env and B′ gp41-env ) indicating continuing evolution of CRF33_01B. The remaining 18% of samples were identified as unique recombinant forms (URFs).