Abstract
Membrane-bound and membraneless organelles/biomolecular condensates ensure compartmentalization into functionally distinct units enabling proper organization of cellular processes. Membrane-bound organelles form dynamic contacts with each other to enable the exchange of molecules and to regulate organelle division and positioning in coordination with the cytoskeleton. Crosstalk between the cytoskeleton and dynamic membrane-bound organelles has more recently also been found to regulate cytoskeletal organization. Interestingly, recent work has revealed that, in addition, the cytoskeleton and membrane-bound organelles interact with cytoplasmic biomolecular condensates. The extent and relevance of these complex interactions are just beginning to emerge but may be important for cytoskeletal organization and organelle transport and remodeling. In this review, we highlight these emerging functions and emphasize the complex interplay of the cytoskeleton with these organelles. The crosstalk between membrane-bound organelles, biomolecular condensates and the cytoskeleton in highly polarized cells such as neurons could play essential roles in neuronal development, function and maintenance.
Highlights
Cells execute numerous biochemical processes that need to be spatiotemporally regulated in the crowded cellular environment
It has long been clear that the distinct domains that organize a cell and allow the separation of cellular/biochemical processes, such as membrane-bound organelles, biomolecular condensates, and the cytoskeleton, do not merely perform their functions by themselves
The recent development of multispectral imaging approaches allowed the simultaneous imaging of six different membranebound organelles and revealed a complex organelle interactome that depends on an intact microtubule cytoskeleton (Valm et al, 2017)
Summary
Cells execute numerous biochemical processes that need to be spatiotemporally regulated in the crowded cellular environment. Hatch et al suggested a possible mechanism in which the ER-driven interaction between mitochondria and the cytoskeleton regulates mitochondrial fission in mammalian cells by formation of a pre-constriction site and subsequent recruitment of Drp1 (Korobova et al, 2013; Hatch et al, 2014).
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