Complex I Dysfunction and Tolerance to Nitroglycerin

Abstract

Nitroglycerin (GTN) tolerance was induced in vivo (rats) and in vitro (rat and human vessels). Electrochemical detection revealed that the incubation dose of GTN (5x10(-6) mol/L) did not release NO or modify O(2) consumption when administered acutely. However, development of tolerance produced a decrease in both mitochondrial O(2) consumption and the K(m) for O(2) in animal and human vessels and endothelial cells in a noncompetitive action. GTN tolerance has been associated with impairment of GTN biotransformation through inhibition of aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH)-2, and with uncoupling of mitochondrial respiration. Feeding rats with mitochondrial-targeted antioxidants (mitoquinone [MQ]) and in vitro coincubation with MQ (10(-6) mol/L) or glutathione (GSH) ester (10(-4) mol/L) prevented tolerance and the effects of GTN on mitochondrial respiration and ALDH-2 activity. Biotransformation of GTN requires functionally active mitochondria and induces reactive oxygen species production and oxidative stress within this organelle, as it is inhibited by mitochondrial-targeted antioxidants and is absent in HUVECrho(0) cells. Experiments analyzing complex I-dependent respiration demonstrate that its inhibition by GTN is prevented by mitochondrial-targeted antioxidants. Furthermore, in presence of succinate (10x10(-3) mol/L), a complex II electron donor added to bypass complex I-dependent respiration, GTN-treated cells exhibited O(2) consumption rates similar to those of controls, thus suggesting that complex I was affected by GTN. We propose that, following prolonged treatment with GTN in addition to ALDH-2, complex I is a target for mitochondrially generated reactive oxygen species. Our data also suggest a role for mitochondrial-targeted antioxidants as therapeutic tools in the control of the tolerance that accompanies chronic nitrate use.