Abstract

The general stress response (GSR) represents an important trait to survive in the environment by leading to multiple stress resistance. In alphaproteobacteria, the GSR is under the transcriptional control of the alternative sigma factor EcfG. Here we performed transcriptome analyses to investigate the genes controlled by EcfG of Sphingomonas melonis Fr1 and the plasticity of this regulation under stress conditions. We found that EcfG regulates genes for proteins that are typically associated with stress responses. Moreover, EcfG controls regulatory proteins, which likely fine-tune the GSR. Among these, we identified a novel negative GSR feedback regulator, termed NepR2, on the basis of gene reporter assays, phenotypic analyses, and biochemical assays. Transcriptional profiling of signaling components upstream of EcfG under complex stress conditions showed an overall congruence with EcfG-regulated genes. Interestingly however, we found that the GSR is transcriptionally linked to the regulation of motility and biofilm formation via the single domain response regulator SdrG and GSR-activating histidine kinases. Altogether, our findings indicate that the GSR in S. melonis Fr1 underlies a complex regulation to optimize resource allocation and resilience in stressful and changing environments.

Highlights

  • Adaptability to fluctuating, stressful environmental conditions is a crucial trait for survival and fitness

  • The motif matches the consensus proposed to be recognized by EcfG alternative sigma factors[13,15,19,20,24,26,32,65], but is more specific for S. melonis Fr1. We used this motif to identify putative EcfG-binding sites throughout the S. melonis Fr1 genome. This analysis revealed that potential EcfG-binding sites, corresponding to the best-scoring identified motifs (Table S3), occur in the upstream region of the start of the predicted coding sequences (CDS) throughout the whole genome, but accumulate upstream of genes that were regulated in an EcfG-dependent manner (Fig. 2B)

  • We identified the genes controlled by EcfG under low stress conditions in S. melonis Fr1

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Summary

Introduction

Adaptability to fluctuating, stressful environmental conditions is a crucial trait for survival and fitness. This analysis revealed that potential EcfG-binding sites, corresponding to the best-scoring identified motifs (Table S3), occur in the upstream region of the start of the predicted coding sequences (CDS) throughout the whole genome, but accumulate upstream of genes that were regulated in an EcfG-dependent manner (Fig. 2B).

Results
Conclusion
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