Abstract
Various etiological factors contributing to the development of mycotoxic nephropathy in farm animals and humans are reviewed. The possible synergistic effect between ochratoxin A (OTA) and other mycotoxins, as penicillic acid (PA) and fumonisin B(1) (FB(1)), contributing to this nephropathy is also considered and discussed. The most convenient ways of prophylaxis and various preventive measures against OTA contamination of feeds or foods are reviewed. A reference is made concerning the most successful methods of veterinary hygiene control in the slaughterhouses in order to prevent the entering of OTA in commercial channels with a view to human health. The economic efficacy of these prophylactic procedures is also considered. An evaluation of human exposure to OTA is made.
Highlights
The mycotoxic nephropathy (MN) is a renal disorder caused by alimentary ingestion of secondary fungal metabolites possessing nephrotoxic properties and encountered in feeds/foods/forages made mainly from cereals or fibrous plants, and kept in storehouse conditions and increased humidity
The same include the use of management practices to prevent the production of ochratoxin A (OTA) by the storage fungi, the feeding of contaminated grain to animal species that are less susceptible to the toxic effects of OTA, such as ruminants, modification of the diet to promote enhanced hydrolysis of OTA in the gastrointestinal tract or reduced absorption, the use of a feeding regimen that can counteract the metabolic effects of OTA, the use of various procedures that can destroy OTA, such as physical and chemical methods for decontamination of commodities as well as the use of various feed additives, which can protect against the toxic effects of OTA etc. [65]
Ruminal fluid obtained from hay-fed animals was able to hydrolyze OTA to ochratoxin α (OTα) in vitro five times faster than ruminal fluid obtained from grain-fed animals
Summary
The mycotoxic nephropathy (MN) is a renal disorder caused by alimentary ingestion of secondary fungal metabolites possessing nephrotoxic properties and encountered in feeds/foods/forages made mainly from cereals or fibrous plants, and kept in storehouse conditions and increased humidity. In order to prevent human exposure to various nephrotoxic mycotoxins, mainly ochratoxin A (OTA), via consuming the meat of animals with nephropathy, the timely diagnosis of disease during the meat inspection at slaughterhouses is very important. In such a way the exposure of humans to this very hazardous and relatively heat stable toxin from chicken/pigs meat can be prevented [1]. This review paper could contribute to timely diagnostics of mycotoxic nephropathy in farm animals (MNFA) as well as could help the organization of the prophylactic measures against this disease. Some information is given how to make an evaluation of human exposure to OTA on the base of the found concentrations of OTA in human serum via calculating the daily OTA intake of humans in endemic areas
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