Abstract
The paper is proposing a mini-review on the capability of the new complex concentrated alloys (CCAs) to substitute or reduce the use of critical raw materials in applications for extreme conditions. Aspects regarding the regulations and expectations formulated by the European Union in the most recent reports on the critical raw materials were presented concisely. A general evaluation was performed on the CCAs concept and the research directions. The advantages of using critical metals for particular applications were presented to acknowledge the difficulty in the substitution of such elements with other materials. In order to establish the level of involvement of CCAs in the reduction of critical metal in extreme environment applications, a presentation was made of the previous achievements in the field and the potential for the reduction of critical metal content through the use of multi-component compositions.
Highlights
Since 2010, EU released a list of strategic elements and materials, the so-called critical raw materials (CRMs) list, which is updated every three years to take into account the evolving scenarios of demand and supply risks of the critical elements
The results showed that the criticality index of concentrated alloys (CCAs) with comparable or better properties is less than that of conventional alloys
Due to the increased demand from past and emerging technologies the list of critical materials increased with four more additions—bauxite, titanium, lithium, and strontium; There is a large number of metals among the established critical materials
Summary
It is noticeable, how the deployment of renewable energy generation and e-mobility solutions has translated into raw materials demands, leading to “new entries” such as lithium, which was never included in the previous lists. Multi-principal element alloys (MPEA) [3] and HEAs [2], which were originally discovered as new types of alloys almost 17 years ago, have evolved recently in a more realistic definition as compositionally complex alloys [4] or complex concentrated alloys (CCAs) [5]. The application-oriented research is reviewed in this chapter; Critical raw material substitution challenges and CCA potential: the capability of CCAs to aid in the process of CRMs reduction, with specific reference to the applications in extreme conditions, is presented here in detail. The potential and future trends in alloy development are covered by this chapter
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