Abstract
Climate suitability is projected to decline for many subalpine species, raising questions about managing species under a deteriorating climate. Whitebark pine (WBP) (Pinus albicaulis) in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE) crystalizes the challenges that natural resource managers of many high mountain ecosystems will likely face in the coming decades. We review the system of interactions among climate, competitors, fire, bark beetles, white pine blister rust (Cronartium ribicola), and seed dispersers that make WBP especially vulnerable to climate change. A well-formulated interagency management strategy has been developed for WBP, but it has only been implemented across <1% of the species GYE range. The challenges of complex climate effects and land allocation constraints on WBP management raises questions regarding the efficacy of restoration efforts for WBP in GYE. We evaluate six ecological mechanisms by which WBP may remain viable under climate change: climate microrefugia, climate tolerances, release from competition, favorable fire regimes, seed production prior to beetle-induced mortality, and blister-rust resistant trees. These mechanisms suggest that WBP viability may be higher than previously expected under climate change. Additional research is warranted on these mechanisms, which may provide a basis for increased management effectiveness. This review is used as a basis for deriving recommendations for other subalpine species threatened by climate change.
Highlights
Impending climate warming is perceived as a major threat to the many species that are adapted to subalpine habitats [1,2,3]
Assessing the risk of climate change to population viability of Whitebark pine (WBP) in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE) and the potential effectiveness of management is difficult because the species is influenced by a complex array of interacting ecological factors [13]
Climate suitability is an important determinant of the distribution of many tree species, the climate characteristics of where a species is found is often used to infer climate tolerances and potential effects of future climate change [33,34]
Summary
Impending climate warming is perceived as a major threat to the many species that are adapted to subalpine habitats [1,2,3]. Assessing the risk of climate change to population viability of WBP in the GYE and the potential effectiveness of management is difficult because the species is influenced by a complex array of interacting ecological factors [13]. These include the direct effect of climate on WBP and the indirect effects of climate on competing tree species, fire regimes, mountain pine beetles, and white pine blister rust, all of which interact and limit WBP viability.
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