Abstract
To reduce carbon emission in the transportation sector, there is currently a steady move taking place to an electrified transportation system. This brings about various issues for which a promising solution involves the construction and operation of a battery swapping infrastructure rather than in-vehicle charging of batteries. In this paper, we study a closed Markovian queueing network that allows for spare batteries under a dynamic arrival policy. We propose a provisioning rule for the capacity levels and show that these lead to near-optimal resource utilization, while guaranteeing good quality-of-service levels for electric vehicle users. Key in the derivations is to prove a state-space collapse result, which in turn implies that performance levels are as good as if there would have been a single station with an aggregated number of resources, thus achieving complete resource pooling.
Highlights
A key challenge in the deployment and take-up of electric vehicles by society is the provision of a scalable charging infrastructure
There has been work done on the operation and control of a single battery swapping station, but there is a clear gap within the literature when extending this to the operation of a wider network of stations
We introduce a novel stochastic network model describing a network of battery swapping stations which clearly addresses this need and provides a foundation for future studies
Summary
A key challenge in the deployment and take-up of electric vehicles by society is the provision of a scalable charging infrastructure. This policy leads to favorable performance for large systems: as the number of customers r grows large, the waiting probability te√nds to a value strictly between zero and one, the waiting√time vanishes with a rate 1/ r , and near-optimal resource utilization of 1 − O(1/ r ) is achieved To inherit such properties for the battery swapping framework, we adopt a similar capacity level design policy for both the number of charging servers and the number of spare batteries relative to the expected offered load under the load-balancing arrival strategy. The introduction of the novel framework within this paper acts as a foundation for a substantial research program in the modeling of battery swapping networks This will provide practitioners with a better understanding of how such networks should be designed and operated from both the perspective of quality of service requirements and from an economic viewpoint.
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