Abstract
To understand mitogenome characteristics and reveal phylogenetic relationships of the genus Ostrinia, including several notorious pests of great importance for crops, we sequenced the complete mitogenomes of four species: Ostrinia furnacalis (Guenée, 1854), Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner, 1796), Ostrinia scapulalis (Walker, 1859) and Ostrinia zealis (Guenée, 1854). Results indicate that the four mitogenomes—O. furnacalis, O. nubilalis, O. scapulalis, and O. zealis—are 15,245, 15,248, 15,311, and 15,208 bp in size, respectively. All four mitogenomes are comprised of 37 encoded genes and a control region. All 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs) initiate with ATN and terminate with TAN, with the exception of cox1 that starts with CGA, and cox1, cox2, and nad5 that terminate with an incomplete codon T. All transfer RNA genes (tRNAs) present the typical clover-leaf secondary structure except for the trnS1 (AGN) gene. There are some conserved structural elements in the control region. Our analyses indicate that nad6 and atp6 exhibit higher evolution rates compared to other PCGs. Phylogenetic analyses based on mitogenomes using both maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inference (BI) methods revealed the relationship (O. palustralis + (O. penitalis + (O. zealis + (O. furnacalis + (O. nubilalis + O. scapulalis))))) within Ostrinia.
Highlights
The genus Ostrinia (Hübner) belongs to the subfamily Pyraustinae (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) [1,2,3]and includes several well-known agricultural pests (e.g., O. furnacalis and O. nubilalis) that cause huge losses of crops around the world [4,5,6]
All specimens for the four species, O. furnacalis, O. nubilalis, O. scapulalis, and O. zealis were collected by light trap or sweeping net from different localities in China and preserved either in a dried condition under 20 ◦ C or in 100% ethanol in a −20 ◦ C freezer (Supplementary Table S1)
Five complete mitogenomes including the newly sequenced four mitogenomes in this study and the O. palustralis mitogenome downloaded from GenBank were analyzed
Summary
The genus Ostrinia (Hübner) belongs to the subfamily Pyraustinae (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) [1,2,3]and includes several well-known agricultural pests (e.g., O. furnacalis and O. nubilalis) that cause huge losses of crops around the world [4,5,6]. The genus Ostrinia (Hübner) belongs to the subfamily Pyraustinae (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) [1,2,3]. [7], transgenic crops [8], and sex pheromone traps [9] have been conducted as control strategies to reduce the threat to crops caused by Ostrinia spp. Species identification of Ostrinia spp. is exceptionally difficult due to the many sibling species that are morphologically indistinguishable. Mutuura and Munroe (1970) divided this genus into three species groups [2]. The first species group contains a single American species, O. penitalis (Grote, 1876), which has a trifid juxta and unarmed sacculus in the male genitalia. The second species group includes nine species with the sacculus dorsally spined and a simple or bifid uncus in the male genitalia. The third species group, named the trifid-uncus species group, consists of ten species mainly occurring in Europe, Insects 2020, 11, 232; doi:10.3390/insects11040232 www.mdpi.com/journal/insects
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