Complete Mitochondrial Genome of Three Bactrocera Fruit Flies of Subgenus Bactrocera (Diptera: Tephritidae) and Their Phylogenetic Implications.

Hoi-Sen Yong,I Wayan Suana,Sze-Looi Song,Phaik-Eem Lim,Praphathip Eamsobhana,Bi-Song Yue

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0148201

Hoi-Sen Yong, I Wayan Suana + Show 4 more

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https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0148201

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Abstract

Bactrocera latifrons is a serious pest of solanaceous fruits and Bactrocera umbrosa is a pest of Artocarpus fruits, while Bactrocera melastomatos infests the fruit of Melastomataceae. They are members of the subgenus Bactrocera. We report here the complete mitochondrial genome of these fruit flies determined by next-generation sequencing and their phylogeny with other taxa of the subgenus Bactrocera. The whole mitogenomes of these three species possessed 37 genes namely, 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 2 rRNA and 22 tRNA genes. The mitogenome of B. latifrons (15,977 bp) was longer than those of B. melastomatos (15,954 bp) and B. umbrosa (15,898 bp). This difference can be attributed to the size of the intergenic spacers (283 bp in B. latifrons, 261 bp in B. melastomatos, and 211 bp in B. umbrosa). Most of the PCGs in the three species have an identical start codon, except for atp8 (adenosine triphosphate synthase protein 8), which had an ATG instead of GTG in B. umbrosa, whilst the nad3 (NADH dehydrogenase subunit 3) and nad6 (NADH dehydrogenase subunit 6) genes were characterized by an ATC instead of ATT in B. melastomatos. The three species had identical stop codon for the respective PCGs. In B. latifrons and B. melastomatos, the TΨC (thymidine-pseudouridine-cytidine)-loop was absent in trnF (phenylalanine) and DHU (dihydrouracil)-loop was absent in trnS1 (serine S1). In B. umbrosa, trnN (asparagine), trnC (cysteine) and trnF lacked the TψC-loop, while trnS1 lacked the DHU-stem. Molecular phylogeny based on 13 PCGs was in general concordant with 15 mitochondrial genes (13 PCGs and 2 rRNA genes), with B. latifrons and B. umbrosa forming a sister group basal to the other species of the subgenus Bactrocera which was monophyletic. The whole mitogenomes will serve as a useful dataset for studying the genetics, systematics and phylogenetic relationships of the many species of Bactrocera genus in particular, and tephritid fruit flies in general.

Highlights

Fruit flies in the genus Bactrocera are potentially destructive pests of commercial fruits and vegetables [1]
We report here the mitogenome of three additional species of the subgenus (B. latifrons, B. melastomatos, and B. umbrosa) determined by next-generation sequencing and their phylogenetic relationships with other taxa of the subgenus Bactrocera
Control region was flanked by rrnS and trnI genes respectively, with 953 bp in B. latifrons and B. melastomatos, Table 2

Summary

Introduction

Fruit flies in the genus Bactrocera are potentially destructive pests of commercial fruits and vegetables [1]. B. latifrons (Hendel) is one of the seven pest species belonging to the subgenus Bactrocera; the other members are B. Bactrocera latifrons fruit hosts are mainly Solanaceae and Cucurbitaceae 59 plant species from 14 plant families have been documented [3]. This pest has a broad geographical range occurring in Pakistan, India, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, China, Taiwan, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, Malaysia, Singapore, Brunei, and Indonesia, and has been introduced into Hawaii, Okinawa, Tanzania, and Kenya [2,3,4,5,6]

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