Complete mitochondrial genome of Stethoconus japonicus (Hemiptera: Miridae): Insights into the evolutionary traits within the family Miridae

Abstract

The mitochondrial (mt) genome sequence of insects possesses numerous evolutionary traits. To better understand the evolution of mt genomes within the family Miridae, the complete mt genome of the predatory Japanese plant bug Stethoconus japonicus Schumacher was sequenced before undertaking a comparative analysis of all reported plant bug mt genomes. The mt genome of S. japonicus is a closed-circular and double-stranded DNA molecule of 16,274 bp (GenBank: MK341530), which consists of 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 2 rRNAs, 22 tRNAs and a putative control region (CR). Consistent with other plant bugs, the mt genome of S. japonicus is strongly AT-biased (73.49 %) with A-skewed (0.202) and C-skewed (−0.248). All 13 PCGs initiate translation using ATN codons and TAA served as complete stop codons for eight PCGs, which as incomplete stop codon “T-” for cox1, nad1, nad5-6 and “TA-” for cox2. Regarding other features, all 22 tRNAs could be folded into typical cloverleaf secondary structures. The control region is 1,717 bp and contains a long tandem repeat sequence of a 165 bp unit repeated six times. Similar sequence with variable number of tandemly repeated units from intra-genus CRs is a distinct characteristic of plant bug mt genomes. Phylogenetic relationships of 15 bugs were eventually analyzed based on Maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inference (BI) methods using 17 mt genome sequences. In the phylogenetic trees, species from a same genus or subfamily are clustered into a branch with high supporting values.and the result suggest that Deraeocorinae is more closely related to Mirinae than Bryocorinae. Finally, this study revealed that mutation of tRNA anticodon is a useful phylogenetic marker that could be of significance for studies of evolutionary patterns.