Abstract
Time-resolved, 3D velocity-encoded MR imaging (4D Flow) allows for the acquisition of dynamic, multidirectional data on blood flow and has recently been used for the evaluation of intracranial arterial flow. Using a 3T system with optimization of both temporal resolution and k-space subsampling with a combination of parallel imaging and cut-corner acquisition, we present the clinical assessment of a patient with an arteriovenous malformation by providing complete intracranial arterial and venous coverage in a reasonable scan time.
Highlights
Phase-contrast MR imaging enables the acquisition of multidirectional blood velocity data
We present whole-brain arterial and venous neurovascular 4D Flow datasets visualized with streamlines and vector fields in both healthy subjects and a patient with arteriovenous malformation (AVM)
In a patient with a large left frontoparietal AVM, we have visualized and quantified a marked increase in venous flow through the superior sagittal sinus (5.1 times greater) and superficial veins compared with healthy subjects
Summary
Phase-contrast MR imaging enables the acquisition of multidirectional blood velocity data. The technique has been most extensively used for the evaluation of patterns of blood flow in the thoracic aorta, including characterization of abnormal flow patterns associated with pathologic disorders such as ascending aortic aneurysm and dissection.. Recent studies have explored the use of 4D Flow imaging for other areas of vascular anatomy and pathology, including intracranial arterial blood flow.. Recent studies have explored the use of 4D Flow imaging for other areas of vascular anatomy and pathology, including intracranial arterial blood flow.3-5 We have furthered these efforts toward clinical neurovascular imaging by modifying the 4D Flow technique with the goal of complete intracranial arterial and venous coverage to provide clinical assessment of a patient with an arteriovenous malformation (AVM) The technique has been most extensively used for the evaluation of patterns of blood flow in the thoracic aorta, including characterization of abnormal flow patterns associated with pathologic disorders such as ascending aortic aneurysm and dissection. Recent studies have explored the use of 4D Flow imaging for other areas of vascular anatomy and pathology, including intracranial arterial blood flow. We have furthered these efforts toward clinical neurovascular imaging by modifying the 4D Flow technique with the goal of complete intracranial arterial and venous coverage to provide clinical assessment of a patient with an arteriovenous malformation (AVM)
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