Abstract
BackgroundThe Arthrobacter group is a known set of bacteria from cold regions, the species of which are highly likely to play diverse roles at low temperatures. However, their survival mechanisms in cold regions such as Antarctica are not yet fully understood. In this study, we compared the genomes of 16 strains within the Arthrobacter group, including strain PAMC25564, to identify genomic features that help it to survive in the cold environment.ResultsUsing 16 S rRNA sequence analysis, we found and identified a species of Arthrobacter isolated from cryoconite. We designated it as strain PAMC25564 and elucidated its complete genome sequence. The genome of PAMC25564 is composed of a circular chromosome of 4,170,970 bp with a GC content of 66.74 % and is predicted to include 3,829 genes of which 3,613 are protein coding, 147 are pseudogenes, 15 are rRNA coding, and 51 are tRNA coding. In addition, we provide insight into the redundancy of the genes using comparative genomics and suggest that PAMC25564 has glycogen and trehalose metabolism pathways (biosynthesis and degradation) associated with carbohydrate active enzyme (CAZymes). We also explain how the PAMC26654 produces energy in an extreme environment, wherein it utilizes polysaccharide or carbohydrate degradation as a source of energy. The genetic pattern analysis of CAZymes in cold-adapted bacteria can help to determine how they adapt and survive in such environments.ConclusionsWe have characterized the complete Arthrobacter sp. PAMC25564 genome and used comparative analysis to provide insight into the redundancy of its CAZymes for potential cold adaptation. This provides a foundation to understanding how the Arthrobacter strain produces energy in an extreme environment, which is by way of CAZymes, consistent with reports on the use of these specialized enzymes in cold environments. Knowledge of glycogen metabolism and cold adaptation mechanisms in Arthrobacter species may promote in-depth research and subsequent application in low-temperature biotechnology.
Highlights
The Arthrobacter group is a known set of bacteria from cold regions, the species of which are highly likely to play diverse roles at low temperatures
PAMC25564 genome and used comparative analysis to provide insight into the redundancy of its Carbohydrate active enzymes (CAZymes) for potential cold adaptation. This provides a foundation to understanding how the Arthrobacter strain produces energy in an extreme environment, which is by way of CAZymes, consistent with reports on the use of these specialized enzymes in cold environments
Using comparative genome analysis of bacteria isolated from cold environments and the genetic patterns of CAZymes within them, this study provides an understanding of how survival adaptation can be achieved in extremely low-temperature environments
Summary
The Arthrobacter group is a known set of bacteria from cold regions, the species of which are highly likely to play diverse roles at low temperatures. Their survival mechanisms in cold regions such as Antarctica are not yet fully understood. Arthrobacter species are often isolated from soil, where they contribute to biochemical cycles and decontamination [3] These species have been isolated worldwide from a variety of environments, including sediments [4], human clinical specimens [5], water [6], glacier cryoconite [7], sewage [8], and glacier ice [9]. Arthrobacter is a gram-positive obligate aerobe that requires oxygen to grow in a variety of environments. There is a still lack of research on how obligate aerobes acquire adequate energy in cold environments
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