Abstract
Allochromatium vinosum formerly Chromatium vinosum is a mesophilic purple sulfur bacterium belonging to the family Chromatiaceae in the bacterial class Gammaproteobacteria. The genus Allochromatium contains currently five species. All members were isolated from freshwater, brackish water or marine habitats and are predominately obligate phototrophs. Here we describe the features of the organism, together with the complete genome sequence and annotation. This is the first completed genome sequence of a member of the Chromatiaceae within the purple sulfur bacteria thriving in globally occurring habitats. The 3,669,074 bp genome with its 3,302 protein-coding and 64 RNA genes was sequenced within the Joint Genome Institute Community Sequencing Program.
Highlights
Anoxygenic purple sulfur bacteria are Gammaproteobacteria whereas chemotrophic sulfuroxidizing bacteria are found in four classes (Alphaproteobacteria, Betaproteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria and Epsilonproteobacteria) of the Proteobacteria
Strain DSM 180T (= ATCC 17899 = D = NBRC 103801) is the type strain of the species Allochromatium vinosum, which belongs to the Chromatiaceae, one of currently five families in the order Chromatiales
Very few and atypical ecosystems heavily polluted with organic waste have been described in which phototrophic Alphaproteobacteria outnumber purple sulfur bacteria
Summary
Anoxygenic purple sulfur bacteria are Gammaproteobacteria whereas chemotrophic sulfuroxidizing bacteria are found in four classes (Alphaproteobacteria, Betaproteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria and Epsilonproteobacteria) of the Proteobacteria. Anoxygenic purple sulfur bacteria like A. vinosum flourish wherever light reaches sulfidic water layers or sediments and often occur as dense accumulations in conspicuous blooms in freshwater as well as in marine aquatic ecosystems They are major players in the reoxidation of sulfide produced by sulfate-reducing bacteria in deeper anoxic layers. In contrast to anoxygenic purple sulfur bacteria of the family Ectothiorhodospiraceae and the only very distantly related green sulfur bacteria, members of the family Chromatiaceae like A. vinosum store sulfur globules inside of the cells when oxidizing sulfide or thiosulfate They have this trait in common with a large number of environmentally important chemotrophic sulfur oxidizers like Beggiatoa or the sulfur-oxidizing bacterial symbionts of marine animals like Riftia pachyptila or Olavius algarvensis. In almost all freshwater and marine photic-anoxic environments, purple and green sulfur bacteria represent the dominant anoxygenic phototrophs
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