Competitive sorption of microbial metabolites on an iron oxide mineral

Abstract

A large fraction of soil organic matter (SOM) is composed of small molecules of microbial origin. However, the biotic and abiotic cycling of these nutrients is poorly understood and is a critical component of the global carbon cycle. Although there are many factors controlling the accessibility of SOM to microbes, sorption to mineral surfaces is among the most significant. Here, we investigated the competitive sorption of a complex pool of microbial metabolites on ferrihydrite, an iron oxide mineral, using a lysate prepared from a soil bacterium, Pseudomonas stutzeri RCH2. After a 24-h incubation with a range of mineral concentrations, more than half of the metabolites showed significant decreases in solution concentration. Phosphate-containing metabolites showed the greatest degree of sorption followed by dicarboxylates and metabolites containing both nitrogen and an aromatic moiety. Similar trends were observed when comparing sorption of metabolites with an equimolar metabolite mixture rather than a bacterial lysate. Interestingly, ectoine, lysine, two disaccharides and uracil were found not to sorb and may be more bioavailable in iron oxide-rich soils. Additionally, the highest-sorbing metabolites were examined for their ability to mobilize mineral-sorbed phosphate. All phosphate-containing metabolites tested and glutathione released phosphate from the mineral surface within 30 min of metabolite addition. These findings of preferential sorption behavior within a complex pool of microbial metabolites may provide insight into the cycling of SOM and specific nutrient availability. Finally, the release of highly-sorptive metabolites may be an underexplored mechanism utilized by microbial communities to gain access to limited environmental nutrients.