Competitive Separation of Lead, Cadmium, and Nickel from Aqueous Solutions Using Activated Carbon: Response Surface Modeling, Equilibrium, and Thermodynamic Studies

Abstract

In this study, the competitive separation of lead, cadmium, and nickel ions from aqueous solutions using a commercial activated carbon (AC) has been investigated and optimized using response surface methodology (RSM). The optimal conditions to reach the highest adsorption capacity for these metals were found as follows: initial pH = 6.3, temperature = 56.8°C, and shaking speed = 308 rpm. Under these conditions, the sequence of adsorption capacity toward the metal ions was as follows: Pb (II): 9.44 mg g−1 > Cd (II): 9.37 mg g−1 > Ni (II): 4.52 mg g−1. The effect of shaking speed on the adsorption capacity of AC was higher than the effects of the initial pH and temperature, indicating the more important role of physisorption than chemisorption in the adsorption of these metal ions. This was confirmed by the results of thermodynamic studies. The equilibrium adsorption data were fitted to the Freundlich, Langmuir adsorption isotherm models and the Dubinin–Radushkevich model parameters were evaluated. All the models were tested and all were shown to represent the experimental data satisfactorily. The thermodynamic parameters such as ΔH, ΔS, and ΔG were computed from the experimental data. These values show that the adsorption is endothermic and spontaneous. The positive value of ΔS° indicates increasing of randomness at the solid/liquid interface during the adsorption of metal ions on AC.