Abstract
We have developed a new competitive protein binding assay (CPBA) based on human serum albumin functionalized silicon dioxide nanoparticles (nano-SiO2-HSA) that can be used for naproxen determination in urine. Compared with a conventional multi-well reaction plate, nano-SiO2 with a high surface-area-to-volume ratio could be introduced as a stationary phase, markedly improving the analytical performance. Nano-SiO2-HSA and horseradish peroxidase-labeled-naproxen (HRP-naproxen) were prepared for the present CPBA method. In this study, a direct competitive binding to nano-SiO2-HSAwas performed between the free naproxen in the sample and HRP-naproxen. Thus, the catalytic color reactions were investigated on an HRP/3,3′5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB)/H2O2 system by the HRP-naproxen/nano-SiO2-HSA composite for quantitative measurement via an ultraviolet spectrophotometer. A series of validation experiments indicated that our proposed methods can be applied satisfactorily to the determination of naproxen in urine samples. As a proof of principle, the newly developed nano-CPBA method for the quantification of naproxen in urine can be expected to have the advantages of low costs, fast speed, high accuracy, and relatively simple instrument requirements. Our method could be capable of expanding the analytical applications of nanomaterials and of determining other small-molecule compounds from various biological samples.
Highlights
Naproxen is a commonly used non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug for the treatment of various acute and chronic pain, rheumatic and musculoskeletal disorders; it functions by inhibiting cyclooxygenase 2 [1,2,3]
The present work describes an enzyme-linked biorecognition analytical method based on ligand-receptor (HSA) binding
Some of the binding sites on human serum albumin (HSA) binding to free naproxen were measured, while others binding to horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-naproxen
Summary
Naproxen is a commonly used non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug for the treatment of various acute and chronic pain, rheumatic and musculoskeletal disorders; it functions by inhibiting cyclooxygenase 2 [1,2,3]. Molecules 2019, 24, 2593 chemiluminescence [12], phosphorescence [13], potentiometric sensor [14], and flow injection analysis [15], coupled with a variety of sample pretreatment procedures, such as liquid-liquid extraction [7], solid-phase microextraction [16], ultrasound-assisted magnetic dispersive solid-phase microextraction [17], electrochemically controlled in-tube solid phase microextraction [18], functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes hollow fiber solid phase microextraction [19], carbon nanotube reinforced polyamide-based stir bar for sorptive extraction [20], molecularly imprinted polymer-coated magnetic multi-walled carbon nanotubes solid-phase extraction [21], water stable metal-organic framework packed microcolumn for online sorptive extraction [22], metal ion-mediated complex imprinted membrane for selective recognition [23], hyperbranched polyglycerol/graphene oxide nanocomposite reinforced hollow fiber solid/liquid phase microextraction [24], and imidazoliumbased functional monomers imprinting [25] These methods have two notable disadvantages, very time-consuming and costly sampling procedures and/or a heavy burden of equipment operation and maintenance. It is still challenging but necessary to develop a new method showing high selectivity, sensitivity, and rapid determination for routine measurement after naproxen administration
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