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Abstract
Coffea canephora,Cyperus papyrus,andMusaspp. were studied for competitive and noncompetitive removal of aqueous Cd2+and Pb2+. The optimal conditions were pH 4.5 and agitation time 3.0 hours. Biomass constituent ions showed no interference effects whereas cation exchange capacity values corresponded to the sorption efficiencies. XRD spectroscopy revealed surface oxygen and nitrogen groups that provide binding sites for metal ions. The maximum sorption efficiency ranges for metal ions in noncompetitive media were 95.2–98.7% forC. canephora, 42.0–91.3% forC. papyrus,and 79.9–92.2% forMusaspp. and in competitive sorption 90.8–98.0% forC. canephora, 19.5–90.4% forC. papyrus,and 56.4–89.3% forMusaspp. The Pb2+ions uptake was superior to that of Cd2+ions in competitive and noncompetitive media. In competitive sorption synergistic effects were higher for Cd2+than Pb2+ions. The pseudo-second-order kinetic model fitted experimental data with0.917≤R2≥1.000for Pb2+ions and0.711≤R2≥0.999for Cd2+ions. The Langmuir model fitted noncompetitive sorption data with0.769≤R2≥0.999; moreover the Freundlich model fitted competitive sorption data with0.867≤R2≥0.989. Noncompetitive sorption was monolayer chemisorption whereas competitive sorption exhibited heterogeneous sorption mechanisms.
Highlights
The present-day socioeconomic and industrial growths together with world demographic trends continuously dispense toxic trace metal contaminants into the environment
1 0.8816 0.9996 0.8917 0.8941 ions were removed from solution more efficiently than Cd2+ ions. The application of this model proposed that the kinetic behaviour of sorption process for Cd2+ and Pb2+ ions onto C. canephora, Musa spp., and C. papyrus is based on chemical interactions between the metal ions and the active sites of the biosorbents’ surfaces
The Langmuir model (Figures 8 and 9) fits data for noncompetitive sorption where the metal ions uptake was a monolayer distribution mechanism and the Freundlich model (Figures 10 and 11) fits the data for competitive uptake of Pb2+ and Cd2+ ions onto C. canephora, C. papyrus, and Musa spp. biomass where the metal ions followed a heterogeneous distribution mechanism
Summary
The present-day socioeconomic and industrial growths together with world demographic trends continuously dispense toxic trace metal contaminants into the environment. The revelation of detrimental health effects in humans occurs after acute exposure to high levels or chronic consumption of low concentrations of toxic trace metals. Plants usually adapt to toxic trace metals in polluted environments with little or no observable effects on growth and plant health presented but ordinarily animals express notable detrimental health effects after exposure to toxic trace elements. Detailed discussions of health effects of exposure to toxic trace metals have been done by Chang et al [1] and Krishnani and Ayyappan [2], including kidney dysfunction, growth retardation, bone deformation, testicular atrophy, hypertension, nervous system disorders, anaemia, hypertension, brain damage, and liver and kidney disease as well as cancer among other ailments. Amongst the toxic trace metals in industrial, domestic, and municipal wastewaters, lead and cadmium have been studied for possible removal using low cost biosorbents
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