Abstract
BackgroundPlant defense strategy is usually a result of trade-offs between growth and differentiation (i.e. Optimal Defense Theory – ODT, Growth Differentiation Balance hypothesis – GDB, Plant Apparency Theory – PAT). Interaction between the introduced green alga Caulerpa taxifolia and the endemic seagrass Posidonia oceanica in the Mediterranean Sea offers the opportunity to investigate the plausibility of these theories. We have accordingly investigated defense metabolite content and growth year-round, on the basis of an interaction gradient.ResultsWhen in competition with P. oceanica, C. taxifolia exhibits increased frond length and decreased Caulerpenyne – CYN content (major terpene compound). In contrast, the length of P. oceanica leaves decreases when in competition with C. taxifolia. However, the turnover is faster, resulting in a reduction of leaf longevity and an increase on the number of leaves produced per year. The primary production is therefore enhanced by the presence of C. taxifolia. While the overall concentration of phenolic compounds does not decline, there is an increase in some phenolic compounds (including ferulic acid and a methyl 12-acetoxyricinoleate) and the density of tannin cells.ConclusionInterference between these two species determines the reaction of both, confirming that they compete for space and/or resources. C. taxifolia invests in growth rather than in chemical defense, more or less matching the assumptions of the ODT and/or PAT theories. In contrast, P. oceanica apparently invests in defense rather than growth, as predicted by the GDB hypothesis. However, on the basis of closer scrutiny of our results, the possibility that P. oceanica is successful in finding a compromise between more growth and more defense cannot be ruled out.
Highlights
Plant defense strategy is usually a result of trade-offs between growth and differentiation (i.e. Optimal Defense Theory – ODT, Growth Differentiation Balance hypothesis – GDB, Plant Apparency Theory – PAT)
The mean frond length of C. taxifolia changed seasonally (Fig. 3) but in the opposite direction from P. oceanica : the length significantly increased with the level of interaction (ANOVA; F = 89.9, df = 2, P < 0.001)
Leaf renewal and primary production of Posidonia oceanica The number of P. oceanica leaves formed during a oneyear period increased with the level of interaction (Fig. 4) while the mean life-span of leaves decreased significantly (Fig. 5; analysis of variance (ANOVA); F = 14.4, df = 2, P < 0.001)
Summary
Plant defense strategy is usually a result of trade-offs between growth and differentiation (i.e. Optimal Defense Theory – ODT, Growth Differentiation Balance hypothesis – GDB, Plant Apparency Theory – PAT). Common theories proposed to explain defense strategies in plants are: Optimal Defense Theory (ODT) [1]; the Growth-Differentiation Balance Hypothesis (GDBH). [2]; the Resource Availability Theory (RAT) [3] and the Plant Apparency Theory (PAT) [4]. GDBH predicts that defense allocation will be a result of tradeoffs between growth (increasing plant size) and defense (or tissue differentiation); as long as all environmental factors are favorable for growth, growth processes predominate over differentiation [2]. PAT is based on the observation that both types of strategy (growth and defense) occur in plants but that they differ in cost
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