Abstract
A substantial number of Lemnaceae are invasive outside their natural distribution area. Lemna minuta is considered invasive in several European countries, where it can occur in the same habitat as invasive Azolla filiculoides and native Lemna minor. In this study the presence, abundance and growth rates of all three species were monitored across 24 natural ponds and in a series of mesocosms in order to explore the importance of species invasiveness and habitat invisibility. Field monitoring showed that the distribution of the three species of macrophytes is heterogeneous in space and time. However, the data show no association of nutrient or light levels with plant distribution. Indeed, using reciprocal transplanting experiments it was demonstrated that all species are able to grow in all ponds, even ponds where the species do not naturally occur. It is concluded that distribution of L. minor, L. minuta, and A. filiculoides is not limited by the prevailing physicochemical characteristics of the ponds during the summer period. Remarkably, in these experiments A. filiculoides displayed the highest RGR, and exerted a negative influence on growth rates and surface cover of L. minor and L. minuta. Despite such apparent invasiveness, A. filiculoides was relatively rare in the study area. Rather, the species most abundant was L. minor which has the lowest RGR under field conditions in summer. Therefore, this study shows that the invasiveness of the species during the summer months is not necessarily reflected in the actual distribution pattern in natural ponds. In fact, alien L. minuta and A. filiculoides are under-represented in the monitored area. It is concluded that the interaction of several factors, including growth under winter-conditions and/or dispersal after disturbances, is the major determinant of the abundance and heterogeneous distribution of L. minor, L. minuta, and A. filiculoides in the study area.
Highlights
Biological invasions have been increasing over the past 50 years (Levine and D’Antonio, 2003) and these invasions are a source of concern because of their negative effects on native species, habitats and biodiversity (McGeoch et al, 2010)
Each site was classified according to the following scale: Pond not shaded (0% canopy) Pond partially shaded Pond mostly shaded (25–75% of canopy) Pond completely shaded (75–100% of canopy) Total Oxidized Nitrogen (TON) and Total Phosphorus (TP) concentrations were quantified in each water body in early spring (April 2014) and in early summer (June 2014)
A. filiculoides was relatively rare in the study area
Summary
Biological invasions have been increasing over the past 50 years (Levine and D’Antonio, 2003) and these invasions are a source of concern because of their negative effects on native species, habitats and biodiversity (McGeoch et al, 2010). Alien aquatic plants can have a negative impact on ponds, streams, rivers and wetlands. The dense growth of some alien aquatic plants can reduce flora richness and structural diversity and cause alterations in ecosystem function (Zedler and Kercher, 2004). There are estimated to be more than 1,000 invasive alien species in Europe that have been shown to cause a substantial ecological or economic impact (Vilà et al, 2009). The competitive strength of an alien species, relative to native species, impacts on the success of an alien invasion (Alpert et al, 2000)
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