Abstract
This study aimed to compare the anti-inflammatory activity of 10-year-old Dendropanax morbifera LEV (DM) leaf extracts. The leaves were collected during different seasons (May, August, and November), and the extracts were prepared using different methods (hot water, 30% ethanol, or 60% ethanol). Lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW264.7 cells were treated with these extracts for 12 h. The anti-inflammatory effects were evaluated by measuring the production of nitrite; prostaglandin E2 (PGE2); and inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha, in addition to the mRNA expression levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 and activation of the nuclear factor κB (NF-κB)/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways. The amyrin and polyphenol compositions of the extracts were analyzed using a triple time-of-flight mass spectrometer and high-performance liquid chromatography. The 30% ethanol extract harvested in May and 60% ethanol extracts collected in August and November displayed the highest inhibitions of nitrite, PGE2, and inflammatory cytokines. The 60% ethanol extract harvested in August suppressed activation of the NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways. The contents of amyrin and polyphenol compounds were highly dependent on the ethanol concentration used during each season. These results suggest that ethanol extracts of DM leaves may have the potential to regulate inflammatory responses.
Highlights
Inflammation is a local reaction to cell damage, characterized by increased blood flow, white blood cell penetration, capillary dilation, and the local production of host chemical mediators that eliminate toxicants and initiate damaged tissue repair [1]
When Dendropanax morbifera LEV (DM) extracts were treated at concentrations of 50, 100, 250, and 500 μg/mL for all extracts, cytotoxicity was not observed in 50 μg/mL of all extracts
In DM extract groups harvested in August, the cell viability was high, in the order of the 30% ethanol extract > hot water extract
Summary
Inflammation is a local reaction to cell damage, characterized by increased blood flow, white blood cell penetration, capillary dilation, and the local production of host chemical mediators that eliminate toxicants and initiate damaged tissue repair [1]. Chronic low-grade inflammation is the principal cause of various chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and various cancers [2,3]. During a chronic inflammatory state, nitric oxide and proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-6. (IL-6), IL-1β, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) are secreted by activated macrophages [4,5]. Anti-inflammatory activity has been widely used as a screening method for identifying functional ingredients.
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