Comparison Study of Earth Observation Characteristics between Moon-Based Platform and L1 Point of Earth-Moon System

Abstract

The unceasing quest for a profound comprehension of the Earth system propels the continuous evolution of novel methods for Earth observation. Of these, the Lagrange points situated in the cislunar space proffer noteworthy prospects for space-based Earth observation. Although extant research predominantly centers on Moon-based Earth observation and the L1 point within the Sun-Earth system, the realm of cislunar space remains relatively unexplored. This paper scrutinizes the overarching characteristics of the L1 point within the Earth-Moon system concerning Earth observation. A pivotal enhancement is introduced through the incorporation of the halo orbit. This research comprehensively analyzes the relative motion between the halo orbiter and the Earth, achieved via orbit determination within a rotating coordinate system, followed by a transformation into the Earth coordinate system. Subsequently, numerical simulations employing ephemeris data unveil the observing geometry and Earth observation characteristics, encompassing the distribution of nadir points, viewing angles, and the spatiotemporal ground coverage. As a point of reference, we also present a case study involving a Moon-based platform. Our findings reveal that the motion of the halo orbit, perpendicular to the lunar orbital plane, results in a broader range of nadir point latitudes, which can extend beyond 42°N/S, contingent upon the orbit’s size. Additionally, it manifests a more intricate latitude variation, characterized by the bimodal peaks of the proposed temporal complexity curve. The viewing angles and the spatiotemporal ground coverage closely resemble those of Moon-based platforms, with a marginal enhancement in coverage frequency for polar regions. Consequently, it can be deduced that the Earth observation characteristics of the L1 point within the Earth-Moon system bear a close resemblance to those of Moon-based platforms. Nevertheless, considering the distinct advantages of Moon-based platforms, the lunar surface remains the paramount choice, boasting the highest potential for Earth observation within cislunar space. In summation, this study demonstrates the Earth observation characteristics of the L1 point within the Earth-Moon system, emphasizing the distinctions between this and Moon-based platforms.