Abstract
Levulinic acid is a platform chemical. This compound can be derived from conversion cellulose in lignocellulosic biomass such as rice husk. Cellulose conversion to levulinic acid can be enhanced with the help of a catalyst. Hierarchical Mn3O4/ZSM-5 was used as a catalyst in this study, which was made by wet impregnation of ZSM-5 with Mn (II). Before the conversion reaction, rice husk was pretreated with various chemical and mechanical methods to increase the amount of cellulose. The chemical method used NaOH, while mechanical methods used variations of ball milling and ultrasonication in phosphoric acid. The pretreated rice husk was then converted to levulinic acid at 130°C for 10 h in H
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