Comparison of Ultrasound-assisted Methods for Copper Determination in Bovine and Ovine Liver as Strategies for Food Surveillance and Animal Status Monitoring

Abstract

Four methods for the efficient extraction of copper from bovine and ovine liver were optimized. Sample preparation consisted of extractions with dilute nitric acid or dilute tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide, assisted by an ultrasonic bath or an ultrasonic probe. Copper was determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. The experimental conditions were optimized using multivariate experiments. All methods were considered adequate for copper extraction, however, the two methods involving the probe turned out to be more efficient and faster, so they were selected for subsequent validation. Trueness was verified after the analysis of a certified reference material and the performance of a microwave-assisted extraction. Results were statistically equivalent, at the 95% significance level, to the values declared on the certificate. Precision (expressed as relative standard deviation) was better than 5% for all methods. Samples obtained from Uruguayan animals were analyzed. Obtained results agreed with previous results from sheep and cattle abroad. The proposed methods are simple alternatives for food surveillance and animal status monitoring, being straightforward and aligned with Green Chemistry principles, as it was demonstrated by performing the analytical Eco-Scale comprehensive approach. A discussion related to the particle size distribution obtained during the multivariate experiments was also included, to give some deeper insight into ultrasound effect on the biological tissue in different media. In addition, ultrasound-assisted extraction was compared to magnetic stirring to prove the effect of ultrasound.