Abstract
In the paper, the results of the first regular studies of ultra-small iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) toxicity in vitro were presented. The influence of PEG-coated NPs with 5 nm magnetite core on six different cell lines was examined. These were: human bronchial fibroblasts, human embryonic kidney cells (HEK293T), two glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) cell lines as well as GBM cells isolated from a brain tumor of patient. Additionally, mouse macrophages were included in the study. The influence of IONPs in three different doses (1, 5 and 25 µg Fe/ml) on the viability, proliferation and migration activity of cells was assessed. Moreover, quantifying the intracellular ROS production, we determined the level of oxidative stress in cells exposed to IONPs. In the paper, for the first time, the effect of Fe in the form of IONPs was compared with the analogical data obtained for iron salts solutions containing the same amount of Fe, on the similar oxidation state. Our results clearly showed that the influence of iron on the living cells strongly depends not only on the used cell line, dose and exposure time but also on the form in which this element was administered to the culture. Notably, nanoparticles can stimulate the proliferation of some cell lines, including glioblastoma multiforme. Compared to Fe salts, they have a stronger negative impact on the viability of the cells tested. Ultra-small NPs, also, more often positively affect cell motility which seem to differ them from the NPs with larger core diameters.
Highlights
In the paper, the results of the first regular studies of ultra-small iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) toxicity in vitro were presented
In turn IONPs, for some doses and exposure times increased cell proliferation and this phenomenon was noticed for tumor cell lines (U87MG, T98G and KJT23I) and macrophages
IONPs influenced the metabolic activity of all examined cells and the effect strongly depended on the experimental conditions
Summary
The results of the first regular studies of ultra-small iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) toxicity in vitro were presented. The in vitro assays provide the information on cells life parameters such as viability, proliferation rate, motility or metabolic activity, which are commonly used in the toxicity a ssessment[9]. Their great advantage is a possibility to control and reproduce experimental conditions, which significantly increase the repeatability of the obtained results as well as analysis of the biocompatibility and tolerance of higher NPs doses[10,11,12,13,14]. In the light of their studies as well as other existing literature, the toxicity of IONPs strongly depends on NPs size, surface coating, dose and the type of cells exposed to their a ction[10,11,16,17]
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