Comparison of three tillage systems in the wheat-maize system on carbon sequestration in the North China Plain

Chapter One - Opportunities and Challenges of Soil Carbon Sequestration by Conservation Agriculture in China

Fertilization is a feasible approach to increase the soil organic carbon. To investigate the effect of fertilization on crop biomass carbon, dynamics of soil organic carbon and soil carbon sequestration rate in the (Oryza sativa L.)-wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cropping system under the middle reach of the Yangtze River, central China, a thirty-three years (1981 − 2013) long-term fertilizer experiment was conducted with nine treatments, including no amendment addition treatment (control), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K) fertilizer treatments (N, NP, NPK), manure (M) and manure combined with chemical fertilizer treatments (MN, MNP, MNPK, hMNPK). The results indicated that average crop biomass carbon was increased by 39.9 − 77.2% compared to unfertilized control (4.43 t ha−1 yr−1) due to fertilizer application, the highest crop biomass carbon was 7.85 t ha−1 yr−1 in the hMNPK treatment and the lowest crop biomass carbon was 5.21 t ha−1 yr−1 in the N alone treatment. The annual total organic carbon input were 4.14 t ha−1 yr−1 in the M treatment and 5.80 t ha−1 yr−1 in the hMNPK treatment, which was 1.95 − 2.74 times of those in the NPK treatments (2.12 t ha−1 yr−1). Total organic carbon input of soil were increased by 10.2 − 23.3 kg C ha−1 yr−1, and increment rate in the appended manure treatments were much higher than those in the control and inorganic fertilizer treatments. Soil organic carbon retention in the topsoil (0 − 20 cm) decreased by 0.11 − 0.14 t ha−1 yr−1 in the control, N and NP treatments; nevertheless, soil organic carbon sequestration rates varied from 0.03 to 0.20 t ha−1 yr−1 in the NPK and appended organic manure treatments. These results demonstrate that organic manure use or integrated organic manure with chemical fertilizer application can be important strategies for increasing soil organic carbon sequestration and maintaining soil quality in the rice-wheat cropping system of China.

The duration of soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration in agricultural soils varies according to soil management, land-use history and soil and climate conditions. Despite several experiments have reported SOC sequestration with the adoption of no-tillage (NT) in Mediterranean dryland agroecosystems scarce information exists about the duration and magnitude of the sequestration process. For this reason, 20 years ago we established in northeast Spain a NT chronosequence experiment to evaluate SOC sequestration duration under Mediterranean dryland conditions. In July 2010 we sampled five chronosequence phases with different years under NT (i.e., 1, 4, 11, and 20 years) and a continuous conventional tillage (CT) field, in which management prevailed unchanged during decades. Soil samples were taken at four depths: 0–5, 5–10, 10–20 and 20–30 cm. The SOC stocks were calculated from the SOC concentration and soil bulk density. Furthermore, we applied the Century ecosystem model to the different stages of the chronosequence to better understand the factors controlling SOC sequestration with NT adoption. Differences in SOC stocks were only found in the upper 5 cm soil layer in which 4, 11 and 20 years under NT showed greater SOC stocks compared with 1 year under NT and the CT phase. Despite no significant differences were found in the total SOC stock (0–30 cm soil layer) there was a noteworthy difference of 5.7 Mg ha−1 between the phase with the longest NT duration and the phase under conventional tillage. The maximum annual SOC sequestration occurred after 5 years of NT adoption with almost 50% change in the annual rate of SOC sequestration. NT sequestered SOC over the 20 years following the change in management. However, more than 75% of the total SOC sequestered was gained during the first 11 years after NT adoption. The Century model predicted reasonably well SOC stocks over the NT chronosequence. In Mediterranean agroecosystems, despite the continuous use of NT has limited capacity for SOC sequestration, other environmental and agronomic benefits associated to this technique may justify the maintenance of NT over the long-term.

Changes in soil organic carbon and nitrogen as affected by tillage and residue management under wheat–maize cropping system in the North China Plain

Soil organic carbon sequestration potential of conservation agriculture in arid and semi-arid regions: A review

Despite many studies reporting conservation agriculture (CA) impacts on soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration, the impacts of long-term permanent bed planting under CA on SOC sequestration are rarely reported. Hence, this study assessed the permanent bed planted CA impacts on SOC sequestration rates in 0–30 and 30–60 cm soil depths under a cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)-wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) system in the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP). The treatments comprised diverse combinations of tillage and residue retention (R), viz. conventional tillage (CT), narrow bed, narrow bed + R, broad bed, broad bed + R, flat bed + R and flat bed. Results indicated that the total SOC stock was ~32, 31 and 29% higher in CA plots than in CT plots (farmers' practice), in 0–30 cm soil depth. The SOC sequestration rate (over CT plots) in the CA plots was ~0.76 Mg C/ha/yr. The broad bed + R, narrow bed + R and flat bed + R plots had appreciably high total SOC sequestration (~0.24 Mg C/ha/yr) compared to CT plots in deep soil layer (30–60 cm). The yield data (2-year mean basis) was recorded highest in the broad bed + R (3.48 tonnes/ha and 8.11 tonnes/ha for cotton and wheat, respectively) and flat bed + R (3.38 tonnes/ha and 8.46 tonnes/ha for cotton and wheat, respectively) treatments showing a positive impact of the adoption of long-term CA in the IGP. Thus, adopting raised beds with residue retention has great potential for higher carbon sequestration and improving yields and can be recommended for sustainable intensification of arable lands in the region.

Carbon sequestration and mineralization in soil aggregates under long-term conservation tillage in the North China Plain

Miscanthus, a C4perennial rhizomatous grass, is a low‐input energy crop suitable for marginal land, which cultivation can improve soil quality and promote soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration. In this study, four promisingMiscanthushybrids were chosen to evaluate their short‐term potential, in six European marginal sites, to sequester SOC and improve physical, chemical, and biological soil quality in topsoil. Overall, no differences amongMiscanthushybrids were detected in terms of impacts on soil quality and SOC sequestration. SOC sequestration rate after 4 years was of +0.4 Mg C ha−1 year−1, but land‐use transition from former cropland or grassland showed contrasting SOC sequestration trajectories. In unfertilized marginal lands, cultivation of high‐yieldingMiscanthusgenotypes caused a depletion of K (−216 kg ha−1 year−1), followed by Ca (−56 kg ha−1 year−1), Mg (−102 kg ha−1 year−1) and to a lesser extent of N. On the contrary, the biological turnover of organic matter increased the available P content (+164 kg P2O5ha−1 year−1). SOC content was identified as the main driver of changes in biological soil quality. High input of labile plant C stimulated an increment of microbial biomass and enzymatic activity. Here, a novel approach was applied to estimate C input to soil from differentMiscanthusorgans. Despite the high estimated plant C input to soil (0.98 Mg C ha−1 year−1), with significant differences among sites andMiscanthushybrids, it was not identified as a driver of SOC sequestration. On the contrary, initial SOC and nutrients (N, P) content, as well as their elemental stoichiometric ratios with C, were the key factors controlling SOC dynamics. IntroducingMiscanthuson marginal lands impacts positively soil biological quality over the short term, but targeted fertilization plans are needed to secure crop yield over the long term as well as the C sink capacity of this perennial cropping system.

Land use change is widely considered as a major factor that affects soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration. Conversion of sloped croplands to perennial vegetation could increase SOC accumulation. The Grain-to-Green Program (GTGP) implemented in 1999, which converts low-yield sloped croplands into forest, shrub, and grassland, is not only a nationwide ecological recovery project but also the largest payment-for-ecosystem-service program in China. Based on data concerning carbon change in GTGP-related zones collected from published literature, this report (i) provides an estimate of the SOC sequestration potential and the rate of SOC sequestration caused by the GTGP in China; (ii) illustrates the differences in SOC sequestration in zones with different land use types (i.e., forest, shrub, and grassland), different precipitation rates, and restoration ages. Soil organic carbon sequestration caused by the GTGP was estimated to be 14.46 TG C year−1 (a rate of 0.54 Mg C ha−1 year−1). The SOC sequestration significantly increased in forest lands (P < 0.05), which was greater than 18.7% and 42.9% in shrublands and grasslands, respectively. However, the average rate of SOC accretion was greater in grassland, followed by forest lands. Annual average precipitation and restoration age greatly affected the SOC sequestration. The average SOC sequestration increased with restoration age, whereas the average rates of SOC sequestration decreased. The GTGP resulted in increased SOC storage, making significant contribution to carbon sequestration in China.

Long‐term tillage and straw incorporation significantly affect soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration and crop yield. However, the studies on the SOC sources under multicropping system are relatively few. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of conservation tillage on SOC and crop yields and distinguish the SOC sources from wheat (C3) and maize (C4). Therefore, the dynamics of SOC, SOC sequestration, and crop yield were evaluated during 15 years of conservation agriculture under conventional tillage (CT), subsoiling (ST), rotary tillage (RT), and zero tillage (ZT) without or with straw incorporation (CTS, STS, RTS, and ZTS, respectively). The results indicated that the highest mean SOC concentration in the 0‐ to 30‐cm soil was found under STS (11.80 g kg−1), which increased by 2.29 g kg−1 than that under CT, whereas RT had the lowest mean SOC concentration (8.10 g kg−1). The increases in annual yield ranged from 0.58 (ZT) to 4.93 (ST) Mg ha−1 during 2005–2017. In comparison with the annual yield of CT, that of STS increased by 2 Mg ha−1 and was significantly higher than other treatments (p &lt; .05) except ZTS and CTS. In comparison with CT, the SOC stock and carbon sequestration rate of STS were the highest and increased by 15.64 Mg ha−1 and 1.05 Mg ha−1 yr−1, respectively, in the 0‐ to 30‐cm soil. Moreover, the relative contribution of wheat residues to SOC was higher than maize residues under all treatments. Thus, subsoiling combined with C3 straw incorporation was more suitable for restoring degraded land and increasing yields.

Abstract:Revegetation is vital for enhancing soil carbon sequestration. However, the impacts of revegetation&amp;#160;and terracing&amp;#160;measures&amp;#160;on soil organic carbon (SOC) and SOC sequestration (SOCS), and&amp;#160;the differences in the effects of revegetation on SOC and SOCS&amp;#160;when implemented on sloped fields versus terraced fields, are still unclear. Thus, we conducted a field survey on cropland (CL), grassland (GL), and forestland (FL) on both sloped fields and terraced fields in Wuqi county, China&amp;#8217;s Loess Plateau. The results showed that SOC content in FL at 0&amp;#8211;10 cm, 10&amp;#8211;20 cm, 20&amp;#8211;40 cm, 40&amp;#8211;60 cm&amp;#160;depths were 1.70, 1.28, 1.28, and 1.19 times respectively higher than in CL. Similarly,&amp;#160;SOC content in GL at the same depths were 1.30, 1.13, 1.18, and 1.20 times higher than in CL. In terraced, SOC content at 40&amp;#8211;60 cm, 60&amp;#8211;80 cm, 80&amp;#8211;100 cm&amp;#160;depths were 1.22, 1.28, and 1.20 times respectively higher than on sloped fields. Revegetation primarily&amp;#160;significantly affected SOC at 0&amp;#8211;10 cm depth on sloped fields (GL: p&amp;#160;= 0.04; FL: p&amp;#160;&lt; 0.01), and more deeply (0&amp;#8211;100 cm) on terraced fields (GL at 40&amp;#8211;80 cm: p&amp;#160;&lt; 0.05; FL: p&amp;#160;&lt; 0.01). Furthermore, revegetation&amp;#160;on sloped fields&amp;#160;generated&amp;#160;the highest&amp;#160;SOCS&amp;#160;at 0&amp;#8211;40&amp;#160;cm&amp;#160;depth, with a subsequent decrease&amp;#160;as depth increased to 40&amp;#8211;100&amp;#160;cm&amp;#160;depth. Conversely, on terraced, SOCS&amp;#160;increased&amp;#160;with soil depth within the 0&amp;#8211;100&amp;#160;cm depth.&amp;#160;These results indicated that revegetation primarily enhanced SOCS in the surface soil&amp;#160;(0&amp;#8211;40 cm), and terracing measures stabilized the SOCS in the surface soil and further enhanced them in deeper soil horizons (0&amp;#8211;100 cm). Therefore, in the context of soil erosion control and ecological restoration, the combined implementation of vegetation restoration and engineering measures can effectively&amp;#160;stabilize and enhance SOCS, thereby fully leveraging the role of soil in mitigation climate change.Keywords:&amp;#160;Soil and water conservation measures; Carbon sequestration; Land use change&amp;#65307;Vegetation restoration; Engineering measures; Deep soil organic carbon

Measuring and modeling soil carbon sequestration under diverse cropping systems in the semiarid prairies of western Canada

Soil organic carbon sequestration in temperate agroforestry systems – A meta-analysis

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 不同蔬菜种植方式对土壤固碳速率的影响 DOI: 10.5846/stxb201103310418 作者: 作者单位: 中国科学院土壤与农业可持续发展国家重点实验室,中国科学院土壤与农业可持续发展国家重点实验室,中国科学院土壤与农业可持续发展国家重点实验室,中国科学院研究生院;中国科学院土壤与农业可持续发展国家重点实验室,中国科学院研究生院;中国科学院土壤与农业可持续发展国家重点实验室 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 国家重点基础研究发展计划"973"项目(2010CB950702);中国科学院知识创新工程项目(KZCX2-YW-Q1-07, KSCX1-YW-09-01&02) Influence of vegetable cultivation methods on soil organic carbon sequestration rate Author: Affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences,State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences,State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences,State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences,State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:近年来蔬菜地面积快速增加已成为我国农田土壤碳库变化的重要驱动因素,研究蔬菜种植方式对农田土壤固碳影响,对于揭示我国农田土壤碳库变化具有重要意义。通过实地调查与采样分析,研究了山东省苍山县3种蔬菜种植方式(大田种植、季节性大棚和长年性大棚种植)对农田土壤固碳速率影响及其随种植时间的变化规律。结果表明,3种种植方式下蔬菜地土壤有机碳含量均随种植时间的增加而增加;长年性大棚、季节性大棚和大田种植方式下0-100 cm土层土壤平均固碳速率分别达到1.44、2.73、1.60 Mg·hm-2·a-1;表层土壤(0-20 cm)平均固碳速率依次为0.64 Mg·hm-2·a-1、0.36 Mg·hm-2·a-1、0.20 Mg·hm-2·a-1,3种蔬菜种植方式的土壤固碳速率存在显著差异。同样为蔬菜地,选择合理种植方式是提高农田土壤固碳速率的重要途径。 Abstract:The rapid increase of vegetable land area plays an important dynamic factor on soil organic carbon (SOC) pool change in agricultural soil in China. How vegetable cultivation methods influence the SOC storage is of great concern for revealing the change of SOC pool in agricultural soil. Three vegetable cultivation methods such as field cultivation (FC), seasonal greenhouse (SG) and perennial greenhouse (PG) method and their influences on profiles distribution of SOC content and SOC sequestration rate with cultivation history were investigated and studied by in situ soil sampling in Cangshan County, Shandong Province, where vegetable production is the most popular and typical in China. Totally, 76 soil samples were collected from 16 soil profiles in vegetable land cultivated in the three methods and analyzed for SOC content and bulk density to calculate SOC density and sequestration rate. Results showed that SOC content declined significantly as the increase of soil depth. From soil surface layer (0-20 cm) to subsurface layer (20-30 cm) cultivated in PG method, the mean SOC content declined by 50.2%, which was the largest decrease and significantly different from that in SG (by 38.4%) and FC method (by 26.9%). While from soil subsurface layer to subsoil layer (30-60 cm) cultivated in SG method, the mean SOC content declined by 15.6% as the largest decrease, and that in PG and FC cultivation method declined by 8.9% and 5.1% respectively. Obviously, the change of SOC content with increase of soil depth was mostly conducted in the soil layer of 0-30 cm, these vegetable cultivation methods could hardly influence SOC in the deep layer (below 30 cm). Further, the mean change rates of SOC content from soil surface to subsurface layer as well as to other deep layers in the two greenhouse cultivation methods (PG and SG) were significantly higher than in FC cultivation method, as the better condition of irrigation and fertilization in the two greenhouse cultivation methods leads more accumulation of SOC in soil surface layer and subsurface layer than in FC method. As long term vegetable cultivation, a trend of SOC accumulation was shown apparently in these soil profiles cultivated in the three methods. The mean SOC sequestration rate of soil surface layer cultivated in PG、SG and FC method was 0.64, 0.36, 0.20 Mg·hm-2·a-1, and that of whole soil profile (0-100cm) was 1.44、2.73, 1.60 Mg·hm-2·a-1, respectively. The SOC sequestration rate of soil surface layer ranked in the order as: PG>SG>FC, resulting mainly from that economic input for irrigation and fertilization of the two greenhouse cultivation methods (PG and SG) was much more than that of FC method; while the SOC sequestration rate of whole soil profile ranked in a different order as: SG>FC>PG, as a result of influence of their original soil physical and chemical properties. Though the three vegetable cultivation methods all increased the SOC pools, significant differences in SOC sequestration were shown from each other in the present study. Thus, it is an important route to accelerate SOC sequestration rate in agricultural soil by choosing a reasonable cultivation method. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

Soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration is important for improving soil fertility of cropland and for the mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions to the atmosphere. The efficiency of SOC sequestration depends on the quantity and quality of the organic matter, soil type, and climate. Little is known about the SOC sequestration efficiency of organic amendments in Vertisols. Thus, we conducted the research based on 29 years (1982–2011) of long-term fertilization experiment with a no fertilizer control and five fertilization regimes: CK (control, no fertilizer), NPK (mineral NPK fertilizers alone), NPK+1/2W (mineral NPK fertilizers combined with half the amount of wheat straw), NPK+W (mineral NPK fertilizers combined with full the amount of wheat straw), NPK+PM (mineral NPK fertilizers combined with pig manure) and NPK+CM (mineral NPK fertilizers combined cattle manure). Total mean annual C inputs were 0.45, 1.55, 2.66, 3.71, 4.68 and 6.56 ton/ha/yr for CK, NPK, NPKW1/2, NPKW, NPKPM and NPKCM, respectively. Mean SOC sequestration rate was 0.20 ton/ha/yr in the NPK treatment, and 0.39, 0.50, 0.51 and 0.97 ton/ha/yr in the NPKW1/2, NPKW, NPKPM, and NPKCM treatments, respectively. A linear relationship was observed between annual C input and SOC sequestration rate (SOCsequestration rate = 0.16 Cinput –0.10, R = 0.95, P<0.01), suggesting a C sequestration efficiency of 16%. The Vertisol required an annual C input of 0.63 ton/ha/yr to maintain the initial SOC level. Moreover, the C sequestration efficiencies of wheat straw, pig manure and cattle manure were 17%, 11% and 17%, respectively. The results indicate that the Vertisol has a large potential to sequester SOC with a high efficiency, and applying cattle manure or wheat straw is a recommendable SOC sequestration practice in Vertisols.