Abstract
The rising demand for lithium batteries is challenging battery producers to increase their production. This is causing an accumulation of production scrap which must be treated to allow re-utilization of cathode material in production. Several industrial lithium battery recycling processes use thermal pre-treatment in an oxidative or inert atmosphere, or in a vacuum, to separate the battery components and remove organic material. However, a comparison of the effects of incineration, dynamic pyrolysis (under a constant flow of inert gas), and pyrolysis under vacuum on the microstructure and composition of scrap cathode material has not been explored.Scrap cathodes, with active material based on Li(NixMnyCoz)Oj, were subjected to incineration, dynamic pyrolysis, and pyrolysis under vacuum at 450˚, 550˚, and 650°C for 30, 60, 90, and 150 min to determine the best approach to cathode material recovery. While the incineration did not cause any chemical transformation of cathode material, under pyrolysis conditions the organic components in the cathodes triggered carbothermic reduction of the active material, yielding Co3O4, NiO, Mn3O4, and Li2CO3 as products. In the gas by-products, formed from the decomposition of the organic material, CO, CO2, and HF were determined. The decomposition especially of the binder in polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) facilitated the separation of the active material from the current collector by mechanical treatment. By subsequent ball milling, the best technique to recover cathode material is the incineration at a temperature higher than 550˚ C and below 650˚ C for at least 90 min, with >95% of recovered active material.
Highlights
The Paris Agreement became effective on 4th November 2016 and was ratified by 187 parties
Many of these raw materials are concentrated in two electrodes that compose the Lithium-ion batteries (LiBs) cells: an anode, generally composed of a copper layer covered by graphite, and a cathode, generally composed of an Al layer coated with an active material (Xu et al, 2012)
Incineration has been widely studied and the results show it to be highly efficient at removing organic components, which facilitates Co and Li leaching
Summary
The Paris Agreement became effective on 4th November 2016 and was ratified by 187 parties. It called for efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5 °C To this end, parties have to significantly reduce their anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gasses (GHGs) (UNFCCC, 2015, Baldé et al, 2017). Parties have to significantly reduce their anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gasses (GHGs) (UNFCCC, 2015, Baldé et al, 2017) Of these emissions, the transport sector represents 23% and its electrification is crucial to decreasing total GHGs. To match the goals set by the Agreement, the Norwegian government is applying policies to achieve sales targets of 100% zero-emissions vehicles by 2025. Iceland, Ireland, Israel, the Netherlands, and Slovenia have announced that they will reach the same goal by 2030 These are some of the reasons why the electric transport market is undergoing an important growth phase. The Volvo Group has announced that 50% of its sales will be fully electric by 2025 (Till Bunsen et al, 2019)
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