Abstract
Eco-agricultural systems aim to reduce the use of chemical fertilizers in order to improve sustainable production and maintain a healthy ecosystem. The aim of this study was to explore the effects of rice-frog farming on the bacterial community and N-cycling microbes in paddy rhizosphere soil. This experiment involved three rice cultivation patterns: Conventionally cultivated rice (CR), green rice-frog farming (GR), and organic rice-frog farming (OR). The rice yield, paddy soil enzyme activities, physicochemical variables and bacterial and N-cycling bacterial abundances were quantitatively analyzed. Rice-frog cultivations significantly increased soil protease, nitrate and reductase activity. Additionally, the nirS gene copy number and the relative abundance of denitrifying bacteria also increased, however urease activity and the relative abundance of nitrifying bacteria significantly decreased. The bacterial community richness and diversity of OR soil was significantly higher than that of the GR or CR soil. Nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) of GR was highest. The N-cycling bacterial community was positively correlated with the total carbon (TC), total nitrogren (TN) and carbon to nitrogen (C:N) ratio. The present work strengthens our current understanding of the soil bacterial community structure and its functions under rice-frog farming. The present work also provides certain theoretical support for the selection of rational rice cultivation patterns.
Highlights
Food security is becoming a global problem because of the increasing world population
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Our study indicated that the nitrate reductase activity in green rice-frog farming (GR) soil was significantly higher than that in OR and cultivated rice (CR) soil and there were no significant differences in nitrite reductase activity among the three patterns
Summary
Food security is becoming a global problem because of the increasing world population. Rice production is a key component in global food security. Rice production has increased because of the introduction of high-yielding varieties, increased mechanization and the large use of irrigation, pesticides and chemical fertilizers [4,5]. China is recognized as one of the most significant chemical nitrogen (N) fertilizer users and one of the largest rice producers in the world. 28.3% of the applied N is taken up by rice [6]. A significant proportion of the applied N is only temporarily retained in rice fields, i.e., substantial N is lost in nitrate leaching and runoff and in the emission of N oxides [7]. The management of N has become an important concern in high-yield rice systems [8]
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