Comparison of structure of quinone redox site in the mitochondrial cytochrome‐bc1 complex and photosystem II (QB site)

Abstract

A series of nitrophenolic electron-transport inhibitors (2-substituted 4,6-dinitrophenols) of rat liver mitochondrial cytochrome-bc1 complex and of photosystem II (QB site) of spinach thylakoids was synthesized. The structure/inhibitory-activity relationship was examined to elucidate differences in the three-dimensional structure of the quinone redox site in the two systems. These inhibitors occupy the ubiquinone redox site of cytochrome-bc1 complex competitively with natural ubiquinol, probably at a Qo reaction center. The inhibitory activity tended to increase with the length of the 2-substituent, which may correspond to the isoprenoid side chain of ubiquinone and plastoquinone, increased in both experimental systems. However, the strict structural requirements of the 2-substituent for binding to the ubiquinone or plastoquinone redox site were not identical. The alkyl substituents with a branching structure at the alpha-position to the benzene ring were favorable for inhibition of the cytochrome-bc1 complex, but not of photosystem II. Molecular-orbital calculations indicated that the main chain of 2-substituents with an alpha-branching structure was almost perpendicular to the benzene-ring plane because of steric congestion between the alpha-methyl and phenolic OH groups. The main chain of 2-substituents without an alpha-branching structure was flexible. Molecular-orbital studies indicated that ubiquinol was most stable when the portion of the isoprenoid side chain adjacent to the quinol ring was perpendicular to the quinol-ring plane, because of steric congestion by the vicinal OH and methyl groups. The side chain of plastoquinol was flexible because of the lack of a vicinal methyl group. Thus, the difference in the inhibitory activities between the two systems seemed to reflect the difference in the configuration of the isoprenoid side chain of ubiquinone and plastoquinone. These results suggested that the quinone redox site of the cytochrome-bc1 complex may recognize the configuration of the side chain near the quinone ring in the strict sense, whereas that of photosystem II (QB site) may recognize it in a loose sense.