Comparison of Single- versus Double-Tunnel Tendon-to-Bone Healing in an Ovine Model

Abstract

Background The double-bundle technique has recently gained much interest in ligament reconstruction. In addition to potential kinematic advantages, perhaps double tunnels have the potential for faster and more secure tendon-to-bone healing. Hypothesis Placement of tendons in 2 osseous tunnels, as opposed to 1, will enhance tendon fixation as determined biomechanically and histologically. Study Design Controlled laboratory study. Methods Fourteen sheep were used, and an extra-articular tendon graft reconstruction was performed on both knees of each sheep. In 1 randomly selected knee, the long digital extensor tendon was released from the femur and placed into a single tunnel in the proximal tibia. In the contralateral knee, the tendon was split and placed into 2 tibial tunnels. Ten sheep were analyzed by mechanical testing, and the remaining 4 were subjected to histologic evaluation at 6 weeks after surgery. Paired t tests were used for statistical analysis. Results Mechanical testing demonstrated that the peak load (981.8 ± 143.2 N, mean ± SD) and stiffness (570.9 ± 114.6 N/mm) at 6 weeks after surgery in the double-tunnel group were significantly greater than for the single-tunnel group (714.8 ± 94.2 N and 432.2 ± 56.7 N/mm, respectively; load, P =. 007; stiffness, P =. 03). Histologic analysis suggested similar tendon-to-bone healing for both groups. Conclusion This study demonstrated enhanced biomechanical fixation of the tendon to the surrounding bone in the double-tunnel compared with the single-tunnel technique in this ovine model. Clinical Relevance The double-tunnel technique may provide better fixation and healing in human ligament reconstruction.