Abstract
BackgroundIndividuals with Down syndrome (DS) present increased susceptibility to infections and high prevalence of periodontal disease. The objective of this study is to evaluate the salivary concentrations of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, TNFα and IL-12p70 of DS individuals and compare to cerebral palsy (CP) and normoactive patients (all with gingivitis). Material and MethodsTwenty-two individuals with DS, 24 with CP and 22 normoactive participated in this cross-sectional study. Salivary flow rate, osmolality rate, Oral Hygiene Index, Gingival Index (GI) and salivary inflammatory markers IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, TNFα and IL-12p70 were evaluated. Shapiro-Wilks, Chi-square, ANOVA One-Way and Kruskal Wallis tests were applied with significance level at 5%. ResultsThe groups were homogenous for gender, age, and IL12p70 cytokine (p>0.05). GI was significantly higher in DS compared to CP and healthy (p<0.05). CP presented reduced salivary flow and increased osmolality rate. CP showed significantly higher values for TNFα, IL10, and IL6 compared to DS and normoactive (p<0.05). DS and CP presented significantly higher values of IL-1β and IL8 compared to normoactive (p<0.05). ConclusionsIndividuals with CP have higher risk to develop periodontal disease due to reduced salivary flow rate, increased salivary osmolality rate and elevated TNFα, IL-10, IL-6 compared to DS. Key words:Cytokines, biomarkers, gingivitis, periodontal diseases, Down syndrome, cerebral palsy, saliva.
Highlights
Down syndrome (DS) is a frequent genetic chromosomal disorder resulted from the presence of a third chromosome 21 or trisomy 21
Individuals with cerebral palsy (CP) have higher risk to develop periodontal disease due to reduced salivary flow rate, increased salivary osmolality rate and elevated TNFα, IL-10, IL-6 compared to DS
The hypothesis of the study was that individuals with DS present higher levels of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, TNFα and the p70 subunit of interleukin-12 (IL-12p70) cytokines when compared to individuals with CP and normoactive, all with gingivitis
Summary
Down syndrome (DS) is a frequent genetic chromosomal disorder resulted from the presence of a third chromosome 21 or trisomy 21. The difficulty in performing oral hygiene predisposes the accumulation of biofilm and the development of high levels of gingivitis [4] Another fact that could contribute to the presence of periodontal disease in individuals with DS is the impaired host-response [5]. This evaluation is important because gingivitis is a disease of high prevalence in individuals with DS and proinflammatory cytokines determination may indicate the immunological status of these individuals In this context, the objectives of this study were (i) to evaluate the salivary concentrations of IL-1β, IL-6, IL8, IL-10, TNFα and the p70 subunit of interleukin-12 (IL-12p70) of DS individuals with gingivitis and compare to individuals with cerebral palsy (CP) and healthy ones (both with gingivitis); (ii) to evaluate and compare salivary flow rate and osmolality values among these individuals. DS and CP presented significantly higher values of IL-1β and IL8 compared to normoactive (p
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