Abstract
BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE: Treatments for ureteral calculi evolve, over the past decades from open ureterolithotomy to minimally invasive procedures. Objective of this study is to compare the efficacy of pneumatic versus laser lithotripsy in ureteric stones.
 METHODOLGY: A RCT study was conducted in Department of Urology Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, Lahore from 1st March 2018 to 31st August 2018. Patients were divided into two groups. In group A, 2 Fr pneumatic probe was used for pneumatic lithotripsy, while in group B, 550 μm fiber probe was used for laser lithotripsy.
 RESULTS: Efficacy of Group A (pneumatic lithotripsy) was seen in 57 (77.63%) patients while in Group B (laser lithotripsy) was seen in 71 (93.42%) patients with p-value of 0.006
 CONCLUSION: Laser lithotripsy in ureteric stones is better as compared to pneumatic lithotripsy.
Highlights
Rickets is defined as the failure to mineralize growing bones before the closure of growth plate in children [1]
[10] The objective of this study was to compare singledose I/M vitamin D with daily dose oral vitamin D supplementationas a part of nutritional rickets management to see meaningfulchange in serum calcium, phosphorus and alkaline phosphatase, and based on the findings, patients can be provided with better treatment options and morbidity can be reduced
Rickets is a common presentation on the pediatric floor with nutritional rickets, leading to significant morbidity and even disability, especially in the world's developing countries
Summary
Rickets is defined as the failure to mineralize growing bones before the closure of growth plate in children [1] It is caused by vitamin D, calcium and phosphorus deficiency. In a study conducted in Egypt, children with rickets were treated with oral and intramuscular vitamin D supplements with a mean change in serum calcium of 0.78+0.98 and 1.23+1.61(p=0.56) respectively and mean decrease in serum alkaline phosphates. After treatment the mean change seen in serum calcium was 1.14+0.26 and 0.72+0.19 (p=0.001), serum phosphorus was 1.42+0.33 and 0.71 +0.26 (p=0.001), serum Alkaline phosphatase was 79.48 +14.84 and 23.65+12.21 (p=0.001) in parenteral and oral groups respectively. D supplementation is significantly better than the oral route in treating nutritional rickets in terms of mean change in serum calcium, serum phosphorus, and serum alkaline phosphatase.
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