Comparison of results and age-related changes in establishing reference intervals for CEA, AFP, CA125, and CA199 using four indirect methods

Abstract

•The reference intervals calculated using RefineR, Kosmic, TMC, and non-parametric methods are similar.•TMC algorithm is more robust, demonstrates a high pass rate among the four methods and has the ability to automatically isolate outliers.•The reference intervals of CA125 and CA199 showed significant differences between age and sex.