Abstract
The mechanisms of biological activity of commonly used natural compounds are constantly examined. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare ascorbic acid efficacy in counteracting the consequences of UV and hydrogen peroxide treatment on lipid mediators and their regulative action on antioxidant abilities. Skin fibroblasts exposed to UVA and UVB irradiation, treated with hydrogen peroxide and ascorbic acid. The redox system was estimated through reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation (electron spin resonance spectrometer) and antioxidants level/activity (HPLC/spectrometry) which activity was evaluated by the level of phospholipid metabolites: 4-hydroxynonenal, malondialdehyde, 8-isoprostanes and endocannabinoids (GC/LC-MS) in the human skin fibroblasts. Protein and DNA oxidative modifications were also determined (LC). The expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), its activators and inhibitors as well as pro/anti-apoptotic proteins and endocannabinoid receptors was examined (Western blot) and collagen metabolism was evaluated by collagen biosynthesis and prolidase activity (spectrometry). UVA and UVB irradiation and hydrogen peroxide treatment enhanced activity of xanthine and NADPH oxidases resulting in ROS generation as well as diminution of antioxidant phospholipid protection (glutathione peroxidase-glutathione-vitamin E), what led to increased lipid peroxidation and decreased endocannabinoids level. Dysregulation of cannabinoid receptors expression and environment of transcription factor Nrf2 caused apoptosis induction. Ascorbic acid partially prevented ROS generation, antioxidant capacity diminution and endocannabinoid systems disturbances but only slightly protected macromolecules such as phospholipid, protein and DNA against oxidative modifications. However, ascorbic acid significantly prevented decrease in collagen type I biosynthesis. Ascorbic acid in similar degree prevents UV (UVA and UVB) and hydrogen peroxide-dependent redox imbalance. However, this antioxidant cannot efficiently protect cellular macromolecules and avert metabolic dysregulation leading to apoptosis.
Highlights
The main responsibility of human skin is to protect the organism against physical and chemical factors, but it functions in communication with the surrounding environment
The supplementation of the cells with ascorbic acid reduced the NFκB levels and TNFα levels (Fig. 2)
The results show that fibroblasts irradiated with UVA and UVB and treated with H2O2 at the tested doses are characterized by a higher activity of xanthine oxidase, which is an enzyme that is responsible for superoxide anion generation, in comparison with the control cells
Summary
The main responsibility of human skin is to protect the organism against physical and chemical factors, but it functions in communication with the surrounding environment. The skin is exposed to a number of factors every day that may lead to disturbances in the metabolism of the cells comprising its different layers. The main group of cells that form the dermis are fibroblasts, which are responsible for the production of basic structural components of the skin, including collagen, elastin, and glycosaminoglycans, that appropriate the physical and mechanical properties of the skin. The UV spectrum that reaches the earth’s surface contains UVB (280–320 nm) and UVA (320–400 nm) radiation. UVA and UVB radiation exhibit different biological effects; a common point of their activities is the
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