Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder. To fight the disease, natural products, including mulberry, with antioxidant activities and inhibitory activities against key enzymes (acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), and beta-secretase 1 (BACE-1)) are of interest. However, even in the same cultivars, mulberry trees grown in different populated locations might possess disparate amounts of phytochemical profiles, leading to dissimilar health properties, which cause problems when comparing different cultivars of mulberry. Therefore, this study aimed to comparatively investigate the phytochemicals, antioxidant activities, and inhibitory activities against AChE, BChE, and BACE-1, of twenty-seven Morus spp. cultivated in the same planting area in Thailand. The results suggested that Morus fruit samples were rich in phenolics, especially cyanidin, kuromanin, and keracyanin. Besides, the aqueous Morus fruit extracts exhibited antioxidant activities, both in single electron transfer (SET) and hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) mechanisms, while strong inhibitory activities against AD key enzymes were observed. Interestingly, among the twenty-seven Morus spp., Morus sp. code SKSM 810191 with high phytochemicals, antioxidant activities and in vitro anti-AD properties is a promising cultivar for further developed as a potential mulberry resource with health benefits against AD.
Highlights
Aging is recognized as the irreversible and inevitable loss of physiological integrity, leading to aging-associated disorders, including cardiovascular disease, cancer, metabolic syndrome, Molecules 2020, 25, 2600; doi:10.3390/molecules25112600 www.mdpi.com/journal/moleculesMolecules 2020, 25, 2600 and neurodegenerative diseases [1]
Through several mechanisms underlying Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathogenesis, by the reduction of oxidative stress, cholinesterases, and Beta-secretase 1 (BACE-1) activities. In addition to their efficacy, plant extracts seem to be safer than synthetic drugs
Moracin derivatives from Morus radix could function as dual BACE1 and cholinesterase inhibitors with antioxidant and anti-glycation capacities [6]
Summary
Aging is recognized as the irreversible and inevitable loss of physiological integrity, leading to aging-associated disorders, including cardiovascular disease, cancer, metabolic syndrome, Molecules 2020, 25, 2600; doi:10.3390/molecules25112600 www.mdpi.com/journal/moleculesMolecules 2020, 25, 2600 and neurodegenerative diseases [1]. Aging is recognized as the irreversible and inevitable loss of physiological integrity, leading to aging-associated disorders, including cardiovascular disease, cancer, metabolic syndrome, Molecules 2020, 25, 2600; doi:10.3390/molecules25112600 www.mdpi.com/journal/molecules. Further studies have shown that aging increases the decline of nervous system functions. Alzheimer’s disease (AD), a devastating type of dementia, is associated with aging, as approximately 90% of AD cases are found in individuals older than 65 years. There are only five drugs approved for AD treatment, including four cholinesterase inhibitors (tacrine, rivastigmine, galantamine, and donepezil) and one glutaminergic N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist (memantine) [3]. Cholinesterase inhibitors have been shown to inhibit the enzymatic functions of cholinesterases, including acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), resulting in the accumulation of a neurotransmitter, acetylcholine, at the synaptic cleft.
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