Abstract
In order to search for sulfated polysaccharides in different invertebrate connective tissues and to examine their biological activities, we have isolated three types of polysaccharides from the body wall of the three sea cucumbers Holothuria edulis, Apostichopus japonicas and Holothuria nobilis. The physicochemical properties and anticoagulant activities of these polysaccharides were examined and compared. The chemical composition analysis and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis indicate that two types of polysaccharides, sulfated fucan and fucosylated chondroitin sulfate (FuCS), were found in all of the three species and in addition a neutral glycan was observed in H. edulis. The neutral α-glucan was firstly obtained from sea cucumber. The same type of polysaccharides from different species of sea cucumbers have similar physicochemical properties and anticoagulant activities, but those of different types of glycans are significantly different, possibly due to their different monosaccharide compositions, electric charges and average molecular weights. The FuCSs have stronger anticoagulant activities than the sulfated fucans, although the molecular sizes of the FuCSs are lower than those of the sulfated fucans, whereas the neutral glucan has no activity, as expected from the absence of sulfate. Thus, anticoagulant activities of the different type of polysaccharides are likely to relate to monosaccharide composition and sulfate content. Preliminary analysis suggests that the sulfation patterns of the FuCSs may result in the difference in anticoagulant activities. Our data could help elucidate the structure-activity relationship of the sea cucumber polysaccharides.
Highlights
Thromboembolic diseases continue to be the leading cause of death throughout the world [1]
The results where the physicochemical characteristics have been fully characterized by a systematic analysis of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), chemical composition, electric charge, average molecular weight and intrinsic viscosity, are valuable tools to trace the relationship between structures versus anticoagulant activities of the sea cucumber polysaccharides
The yields of crude polysaccharides isolated from the three species of sea cucumbers, H. edulis (HE), A. japonicas (AJ) and H. nobilis (HN), were 6.3%, 2.6% and 6.3% by dry weight, respectively
Summary
Thromboembolic diseases continue to be the leading cause of death throughout the world [1]. Bioactives isolated from sea cucumber, novel sulfated polysaccharides such as fucosylated chondroitin sulfate (FuCS) and sulfated fucan, have shown anticoagulant [3,6,7] and antithrombotic activities [8]. They have clear advantages over previously known anticoagulants such as heparin, since they are not obtained from mammals, occur at high concentrations in an abundant invertebrate and retain the serpin-independent anticoagulant activity [3]. The results where the physicochemical characteristics have been fully characterized by a systematic analysis of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), chemical composition, electric charge, average molecular weight and intrinsic viscosity, are valuable tools to trace the relationship between structures versus anticoagulant activities of the sea cucumber polysaccharides
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