Comparison of photoscreeners and hand-held autorefractometer with cycloplegic autorefractometry in children with newly diagnosed attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

Abstract

Purpose: To compare non-cycloplegic refraction measurements of two photoscreeners and the hand-held autorefractometer with cycloplegic measurements of the autorefractometer in patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
 Meterials and methods: This cross-sectional, comparative study consisted of 53 children who were newly diagnosed with ADHD. We compared spherical, cylindrical, cylindrical axis and spherical equivalent (SE) measurements in Plusoptix A12, Spot Vision Screener, and Retinomax K-plus Screen with Tonoref II. Reliability was analyzed by using the interclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and Bland-Altman plot was used to evaluate the agreement between devices.
 Results: The mean age of children was 9.45 ± 1.68. All of the devices measured spherical power and SE significantly more myopic than the Tonoref II. While The Spot Vision Screener, PlusoptiX A12, and Tonoref II provided similar cylindrical power, Retinomax K-plus Screen measured significantly lower than the Tonoref II. The excellent reliability was detected in spherical power, cylindrical power, SE and J0 between Tonoref II and PlusoptiX A12 (ICC:0.930, 0.921, 0.927 and 0.920, respectively. All of the hand-held devices showed excellent reliability in terms of cylindrical power and J0 (ICC>0.90, for all) and good reliability for J45 (ICC:0.75-0.90 for all).
 Conclusion: Despite all devices having advantages or disadvantages, Plusoptix A12 showed excellent reliability for detecting refractive errors in children with ADHD.