Abstract
Livestock data on antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are commonly collected from bacterial populations of clinical and non-clinical isolates. In contrast to data on non-clinical isolates from livestock, data on clinical isolates are not harmonized in Europe. The Normalized Resistance Interpretation (NRI) method was applied to overcome the lack of harmonization of laboratory methods and interpretation rules between monitoring systems. Statistical analyses were performed to identify associations between the isolate type (clinical vs. non-clinical) and resistance to four antimicrobials (ampicillin, tetracycline, gentamicin, and nalidixic acid) per animal category in Germany and France. Additional statistical analyses comparing clinical and non-clinical isolates were performed with the available data on the same antimicrobial panel and animal categories from the UK and Norway. Higher resistance prevalence was found in clinical isolates compared to non-clinical isolates from calves to all antimicrobials included in Germany and France. It was also found for gentamicin in broilers from France. In contrast, in broilers and turkeys from Germany and France and in broilers from the UK, a higher resistance level to ampicillin and tetracycline in non-clinical isolates was encountered. This was also found in resistance to gentamicin in isolates from turkeys in Germany. Resistance differed within countries and across years, which was partially in line with differences in antimicrobial use patterns. Differences in AMR between clinical and non-clinical isolates of Escherichia coli are associated with animal category (broiler, calf, and turkey) and specific antimicrobials. The NRI method allowed comparing results of non-harmonized AMR systems and might be useful until international harmonization is achieved.
Highlights
Antimicrobials are essential to maintain the human and animal health status
The hypothesis we considered in this work was that the resistance level in E. coli from broilers, turkeys, and calves is higher in clinical isolates than in non-clinical isolates
Caecal samples from broilers, turkeys, fattening pigs, and calves without underlying pathologies originated from the German Zoonoses-Monitoring program (ZoMo), the French antimicrobial surveillance program in healthy animals coordinated by the French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), the Norwegian monitoring program for antimicrobial resistance in bacteria from feed, food and animals (NORM-VET), and the UK AMR surveillance program coordinated by the Veterinary
Summary
Antimicrobials are essential to maintain the human and animal health status. They allow bacterial infections, one of the most frequent disease groups in livestock, to be controlled. Plan against AMR [2], and national action plans (NAP) have been implemented to limit. In France, the NAPs are the “plan national de réduction des risques d’antibiorésistance en médecine vétérinaire” (Écoantibio plan) in the animal sector, the “Programme national d’actions de prévention des infections associées aux soins”. (PROPIAS) in the human sector, and the “plan national de santé et d’environnement”. Germany has published the “Deutsche AntibiotikaResistenzstrategie” (DART) [4], and the UK has published the “5-year national action plan for antimicrobial resistance 2019 to 2024” [5]
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