Abstract
Wild soybean (Glycine soja Sieb.et Zucc; WS) has been used as a traditional food in China for many years and contains significantly higher levels of isoflavones than cultivated soybean (Glycine max; CS), but the secondary metabolites, including flavonoids and the phenolic composition differences between them, remain unclear. The results showed that WS possessed significantly higher total phenolic and flavonoid content and exhibited better antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibition activities as well as excellent protective effects against H2O2-induced oxidative injury in a human endothelial cell line. Through metabolomic analysis, 642 metabolites were identified, and 238 showed differential expression, with 151 upregulated and 87 downregulated. A total of 79 flavonoid compounds were identified, 42 of which were upregulated in WS. 2′-Hydroxygenistein, garbanzol, protocatechuic aldehyde, ligustilide, and resveratrol were the most discriminated compounds in WS. The metabolic pathway analysis of differential metabolites related to the biosynthesis of flavonoids and phenolic acids were the biosynthesis of phenylpropanoids, flavonoids, isoflavonoids, flavones, and flavonols. This study substantially elucidated differences in the content of flavonoids and biological activities between WS and CS, which is useful information for the effective utilization of these two black soybean species in food processing.
Highlights
Soybean is widely consumed as a nutritionally rich food throughout the world
The antioxidant activity of the WS and CS extracts was determined as the ability to scavenge free radicals (ABTS + and DPPH)
The total phenolic and flavonoid content was significantly higher in WS than in CS
Summary
Soybean is widely consumed as a nutritionally rich food throughout the world. It is composed of proteins, oils, carbohydrates, and dietary fiber, as well as significant amounts of vitamins, minerals, and phytochemicals [1]. A number of studies have verified that the health benefits associated with polyphenols in soybean include the effects from phenolic acids, flavonoids, and anthocyanins [5]. These compounds are considered the most effective antioxidants in the human diet. Previous studies reported 68 differential metabolites of CS and WS under different stresses and compared the metabolic profiling of CS and WS and detected 45 primary and 3 secondary metabolites [6,7] Investigation of their phytochemicals and biological activities is necessary to identify soybean varieties with large health benefits
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