Abstract
Rapid population growth and unplanned urbanization are causing an insufficient drinking water supply, which is a major problem in the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal. People are therefore using groundwater for drinking, cooking, bathing, and laundry purposes [1].
Highlights
Rapid population growth and unplanned urbanization are causing an insufficient drinking water supply, which is a major problem in the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal
In previous studies conducted in the Valley, various types of pathogenic bacteria, viruses, and protozoa have been detected, demonstrating the severe microbial contamination of different water sources [2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9]
Acinetobacter, Bartonella, Brevundimonas, Comamonas, Enterococcus, Erysipelothrix, Kingella, and Moraxella were detected as biosafety level (BSL) 2 pathogens, which were detected in >70% of the water samples
Summary
Rapid population growth and unplanned urbanization are causing an insufficient drinking water supply, which is a major problem in the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal. In previous studies conducted in the Valley, various types of pathogenic bacteria, viruses, and protozoa have been detected, demonstrating the severe microbial contamination of different water sources [2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9]. Some of the possible causes of contamination for these pathogens in water bodies might be improper management of sewage, discharge of untreated industrial and hospital waste, runoff from urban surfaces, agricultural lands using animal manure, free-roaming animals, and animal farms near river banks [10,11]. Fecal pathogens, when discharged into the water environment, can survive for a long period, serving as a potential source and reservoir of waterborne diseases. Numerous outbreaks have been documented through waterborne transmission of fecal pathogens, resulting in mild gastrointestinal illness to even death [15,16,17]
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