Comparison of obesity and metabolic syndrome prevalence using fat mass index, body mass index and percentage body fat.

Joseph C Wong,Sheila O’Neill,Mark R Forwood,Soo Keat Khoo,Belinda R Beck,Frank T Spradley

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0245436

Abstract

BackgroundAccurate obesity classification is important so that appropriate intervention can be instituted to modify metabolic risk factors. Commonly utilized body mass index (BMI) and percentage body fat (PBF) are influenced by lean mass whereas fat mass index (FMI) measures only body fat. This study compares the prevalence of obesity and metabolic risk factors with FMI, BMI and PBF using DXA (dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry).Methods489 women randomly recruited from the electoral roll were stratified into 4 age groups; 40–49, 50–59, 60–69 and 70–79 years from 2000 to 2001. Clinical data and DXA body composition were obtained. Statistical analyses were performed using Medcalc v15 (Ostend, Belgium) with significance level at p = 0.05 (two-tailed).ResultsThere was higher prevalence of obesity using PBF compared to BMI and FMI (p<0.001). This difference was greater from age 50–59 (p<0.05) which may be explained by age-related lean mass loss. PBF over-classified obesity in over 35% of normal and 95% of overweight categories compared to FMI and BMI. BMI has a sensitivity of 78.9% and specificity of 98.3% for obesity using FMI as the standard. BMI under-classified obesity in the overweight category by 14.9% compared to FMI. There was no difference in diabetes, dyslipidemia, hypertension and metabolic syndrome prevalence within the BMI-obesity and FMI-obesity categories (p>0.05).ConclusionPBF classified more obesity than BMI and FMI because of its low pre-determined threshold. The greater difference with PBF compared to BMI and FMI from the 50–59 decade onwards can be attributed to age-related lean mass loss. BMI had the lowest sensitivity for obesity diagnosis. BMI under-classified obesity in the overweight category compared to FMI due to its inability to differentiate lean mass. However, there was no significant difference in the prevalence of metabolic risk factors between BMI and FMI-obesity categories indicating that fat location may influence metabolic dysregulation.

Highlights

Obesity is a rapidly growing threat to the health of populations in an increasing number of countries
There was higher prevalence of obesity using percentage body fat (PBF) compared to body mass index (BMI) and fat mass index (FMI) (p
PBF over-classified obesity in over 35% of normal and 95% of overweight categories compared to FMI and BMI

Summary

Introduction

Obesity is a rapidly growing threat to the health of populations in an increasing number of countries. Obesity is related to metabolic disturbances such as insulin resistance and dyslipidaemia, leading to disorders such as diabetes, hypertension and atherosclerotic disease. It is increasingly recognised that it is not obesity per se as defined by body mass index (BMI), but the presence of increased body fat, its distribution within the body, central body obesity, and dysfunction of the body fat within these deposits, known as ‘sick fat’ or adiposopathy that are associated with the development of diseases [2]. The cluster of risk factors for atherosclerotic disease and type 2 diabetes which includes hypertension, dyslipidaemia (raised triglycerides and lowered high density lipoprotein cholesterol), raised fasting glucose and central obesity is known as the metabolic syndrome [3]. Accurate obesity classification is important so that appropriate intervention can be instituted to modify metabolic risk factors. This study compares the prevalence of obesity and metabolic risk factors with FMI, BMI and PBF using DXA (dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry)

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