Abstract
Paternal effects have been shown to affect fertilization rate, the speed of embryonic cleavage and morphology, and implantation rates after embryo transfer, both after convention IVF and intracytoplamic sperm injection (ICSI). The purpose of this study was to compare pronuclear morphology, embryonic development and pregnancy rate between fresh and frozen-thawed testicular sperm in obstructive azoospermic patients.
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