Comparison of N2 Fixation and Yields in Cajanus cajan between Hydrogenase-Positive and Hydrogenase-Negative Rhizobia by In Situ Acetylene Reduction Assays and Direct 15N Partitioning

Abstract

Pigeon peas [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.] were grown in soil columns containing (15)N-enriched organic matter. Seasonal N(2) fixation activity was determined by periodically assaying plants for reduction of C(2)H(2). N(2) fixation rose sharply from the first assay period at 51 days after planting to a peak of activity between floral initiation and fruit set. N(2) fixation (acetylene reduction) activity dropped concomitantly with pod maturation but recovered after pod harvests. Analysis of (15)N content of plant shoots revealed that approximately 91 to 94% of plant N was derived from N(2) fixation. The effect of inoculation with hydrogenase-positive and hydrogenase-negative rhizobia was examined. Pigeon peas inoculated with strain P132 (hydrogenase-positive) yielded significantly more total shoot N than other inoculated or uninoculated treatments. However, two other hydrogenase-positive strains did not yield significantly more total shoot N than a hydrogenase-negative strain. The extent of nodulation by inoculum strains compared to indigenous rhizobia was determined by typing nodules according to intrinsic antibiotic resistance of the inoculum strains. The inoculum strains were detected in almost all typed nodules of inoculated plants.Gas samples were taken from soil columns several times during the growth cycle of the plants. H(2) was never detected, even in columns containing pigeon peas inoculated with hydrogenase-negative rhizobia. This was attributed to H(2) consumption by soil bacteria. Estimation of N(2) fixation by acetylene reduction activity was closest to the direct (15)N method when ethylene concentrations in the gas headspace (between the column lid and soil surface) were extrapolated to include the soil pore space as opposed solely to measurement in the headspace. There was an 8-fold difference between the two acetylene reduction assay methods of estimation. Based on a planting density of 15,000 plants per hectare, the direct (15)N fixation rates ranged from 67 (noninoculated) to 134 kilograms per hectare, while grain yields ranged from 540 to 825 kilograms per hectare. Grain yields were not increased with N fertilizer.