Abstract
This study was aimed at investigating and comparing the microbial contamination levels at various sites in the Plankenburg and Diep Rivers in the Western Cape, South Africa. Sampling of sites along the Plankenburg River started in June 2004 and continued for a period of 1 year until June 2005. Sampling of the Diep River sites started in March 2005 and continued for a period of 9 months until November 2005. Faecal coliform (FC) and E. coli (EC) counts were determined by means of the most probable number (MPN) technique, the number of culturable cells were determined using the heterotrophic plate count (HPC) technique and total microbial counts were evaluated by Flow cytometric analysis (FCM). The highest microbial counts for the Plankenburg River were observed at Site B where the highest MPN, FC, E. coli and total FCM counts of 9.2 x 106 (Week 14), 3.5 x 106 (Week 39) and 3.5 x 106 micro-organisms/100 m. (Week 39) and 2.1 x 108 micro-organisms/m. (Weeks 1 and 39) respectively, were recorded. The highest HPC recorded for the Plankenburg River was 7.9 x 106 micro-organisms/100 m. (Week 44, Site A). Site B is situated close to an informal settlement where waste effluents from stormwater drainage pipes enter the river system. In addition, other possible contamination sources included agricultural (Site A) and industrial (Site C) areas bordering the Plankenburg River. The highest total MPN, FC and E. coli counts in the Diep River were 5.4 x 106 (Week 23) and 1.6 x 106 micro-organisms/100 m. (FC and E. coli, respectively (both in Week 23)), recorded at Site B. The highest HPC and total FCM counts of 1.7 x 107 micro-organisms/100 m. (Week 14) and 2.5 x 109 micro-organisms/m. (Week 23), respectively, were also recorded at Site B. This site was identified as the most contaminated site along the Diep River and served as an accumulation point for waste effluents from the residential and industrial areas, which included paint and machine manufacturers. Other sources situated along the Diep River included storage and maintenance facilities for steel containers, a wastewater treatment plant and an oil-refinery. Most of the bacterial counts obtained for the Plankenburg and Diep Rivers exceeded the accepted maximum limit for river water for most of the sampling period.
Highlights
South Africa’s major water sources are stored in dams and water abstraction schemes, which allow for the adequate and effective functioning of industry, agriculture and domestic uses
A survey showed that contaminated drinking water, poor sanitation and dense urban living were regarded as the main cause of the outbreak, which began in Luanda
According to Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (DWAF), where river water is used for recreational purposes, the faecal coliforms (FC) counts should not exceed 2 000 microorganisms/100 ml (DWAF, 1996a), while an E. coli count of > 130 micro-organisms/100 ml, could lead to serious disease infections
Summary
South Africa’s major water sources are stored in dams and water abstraction schemes, which allow for the adequate and effective functioning of industry (e.g. power generation, food production, etc.), agriculture and domestic uses. A survey showed that contaminated drinking water, poor sanitation and dense urban living were regarded as the main cause of the outbreak, which began in Luanda. Communities in this rapidly growing capital live in desecrated, garbage-filled slums with no reliable sources of clean water (Timberg, 2006). Serious challenges exist with controlling the current state of the outbreak as 460 cholera cases and 9 deaths have been reported in South Africa, mostly in the areas bordering Zimbabwe (WHO, 2008). The Diep River catchment which is approximately 65 km in length is located in the South Western Cape Region and is bordered by industrial and residential areas. Flow cytometric analysis was used to obtain total cell counts (the culturable and non-culturable populations) in the collected water samples
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