Abstract
Jet engine modulation (JEM) are micro-Doppler features obtained from the radar data of aircraft, including jet aircraft and helicopters, and generally viewed as unique phenomenon suitable for identifying aerial targets. The authors demonstrate however, that JEM are not unique, and that the rotating wheel spokes on the wheels of ground vehicles produce a modulation similar to the rotating rotor blades of jet engines and helicopter rotor blades. They also develop a mathematical model to analyse the radar signal scattering mechanism of wheel spokes, and also employ a Ku-band Doppler radar system to collect radar echoes from a wheeled vehicle and a helicopter. Both the theoretical and experimental results verify the existence of rotor blade modulation (RBM) phenomena from helicopters and wheel spoke modulation (WSM) phenomena from vehicles. Both RBM and WSM are similar to JEM features. This fact indicates that JEM is a necessary but insufficient condition for the identification of aerial targets, and additional recognition features inherent in surface surveillance radar are needed to distinguish the JEM spectra arising from aerial targets and ground vehicles.
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