Comparison of macaque and human L- and M-cone driven electroretinograms

Abstract

PurposeThe macaque retina is often used as a model for the human retina. However, there are only a handful of direct in vivo comparisons of the retinal physiology in humans and macaques. In the current study, ERG responses to luminance, L-cone isolating and M-cone isolating stimuli with sinusoidal, sawtooth and square wave temporal profiles were measured. The results were compared with those obtained from human observers. MethodsThe responses from five anesthetized adult macaques were measured. Full field stimuli were created. L- and M-cone isolating stimuli were based on the triple silent substitution technique. Sinusoidal stimuli had temporal frequencies between 4 and 56 Hz in 4 Hz steps. Sawtooth stimuli with rapid-on ramp-off and with rapid-off ramp-on excitation profiles had a frequency of 4 Hz. Square stimuli were presented at 2 Hz. ResultsMacaque and human ERGs in response to L- and M-cone isolating stimuli reflect L/M opponency and luminance activity. In responses to sine waves, cone opponency dominates at low temporal frequencies (4–12 Hz); luminance dominates at high temporal frequencies. The responses to sawtooth and square wave stimuli reflect a mixture of chromatic and luminance activity. L:M response ratios vary between individuals both in macaques and humans. Macaques show more complex responses, including greater second harmonic contributions than those in humans. ConclusionsMacaque and human ERGs share basic underlying mechanisms reflecting L/M opponency and luminance activity. There may be quantitative differences possibly reflecting differences in contributions of inner retinal mechanisms to the ERGs.