Comparison of late–second-trimester nonstress test characteristics between small for gestational age and appropriate for gestational age infants

Abstract

Objective: To compare electronic fetal heart rate (FHR) monitoring characteristics between appropriate for gestational age (AGA) fetuses and small for gestational age (SGA) fetuses and to determine whether SGA fetuses have specific abnormalities at second-trimester electronic fetal monitoring (EFM), using nonstress test. Methods: Among 953 children born from 1993–1996, we identified 500 singleton infants born after 36 weeks’ gestation of uncomplicated pregnancies in whom second-trimester (24–27 weeks’ gestation) EFM records were obtained. Individual components of FHR patterns (baseline rate, baseline FHR variability, presence of acceleration [at least 10 beats per minute for at least 10 seconds], and periodic or episodic deceleration [at least 25 beats per minute for at least 15 seconds]) and birth characteristics were compared between AGA and SGA infants, or between pregnancies with or without second-trimester decelerations. Results: Among 500 infants, 443 were AGA and 57 SGA; 105 had and 395 did not have second-trimester decelerations. Baseline FHR variability (12.9 ± 3.2 beats per minute) in SGA fetuses was significantly higher than variability (10.3 ± 3.4 beats per minute) in AGA fetuses ( P < .001). Small for gestational age fetuses were significantly more likely to have second-trimester decelerations than AGA fetuses (33.3% vs 19.4%, P < .05). There were no significant differences in baseline rate and accelerations between AGA and SGA infants. Small for gestational age infants were more frequent in pregnancies with second-trimester decelerations, compared with those without second-trimester decelerations (18.1% vs 9.6%, P < .05). Baseline FHR variability in pregnancies with second-trimester decelerations was significantly higher than in pregnancies without second-trimester decelerations (12.2 ± 3.7 vs 10.0 ± 3.1 beats per minute, P < .001). Conclusion: Periodic or episodic decelerations and increased FHR variability during late second-trimester EFMwere associated with an increased risk of SGA birth weight.