Abstract
Predicting the crucial effect of single metal pollutants against the aquatic ecosystem has been highly debatable for decades. However, dealing with complex metal mixtures management in toxicological studies creates a challenge, as heavy metals may evoke greater toxicity on interactions with other constituents rather than individually low acting concentrations. Moreover, the toxicity mechanisms are different between short term and long term exposure of the metal toxicant. In this study, acute and chronic toxicity based on luminescence inhibition assay using newly isolated Photobacterium sp.NAA-MIE as the indicator are presented. Photobacterium sp.NAA-MIE was exposed to the mixture at a predetermined ratio of 1:1. TU (Toxicity Unit) and MTI (Mixture Toxic Index) approach presented the mixture toxicity of Hg2+ + Ag+, Hg2+ + Cu2+, Ag+ + Cu2+, Hg2+ + Ag+ + Cu2+, and Cd2+ + Cu2+ showed antagonistic effect over acute and chronic test. Binary mixture of Cu2+ + Zn2+ was observed to show additive effect at acute test and antagonistic effect at chronic test while mixture of Ni2+ + Zn2+ showing antagonistic effect during acute test and synergistic effect during chronic test. Thus, the strain is suitable and their use as bioassay to predict the risk assessment of heavy metal under acute toxicity without abandoning the advantage of chronic toxicity extrapolation.
Highlights
The victory of urbanization, the agricultural and pharmaceutical industries, and other economic developments make important contributions to our health and high living standard
As documented in (TU) concept, toxic units of a single metal tested in this study, and the sum of toxic units in a mixture (M) were computed as listed in (Table 4) in acute test
The similarities and differences in prediction of the joint effect of metal mixtures with other standard bioassay in this study indicate possible different toxicity/inhibition mechanisms for metals in different organism under acute to chronic test
Summary
The victory of urbanization, the agricultural and pharmaceutical industries, and other economic developments make important contributions to our health and high living standard. Their application is often correlated with persistent problems of heavy metals in solid and liquid wastes and contributes to the pollution of the environment [1,2]. Improper management of municipal solid waste incineration and sewage is giving rise to mercury (Hg) increasing from 0.5 to 9.0 μg/L in the aquatic environment of China [5,6,7]. River (France) are constantly increasing due to mining activities and pesticides in organic agriculture [8,9]. In Malaysia itself, as an important international port, in three subsidiary ports in Port Klang, concentrations of metals As, Cd and Pb were comparatively higher than the background values in the coastal sediment [10]
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