Abstract
Passive air and dust samples were simultaneously collected from urban residences in three functional areas at a coastal site (Weihai) and an inland site (Heze) in Northern China. Samples were concurrently collected in bedrooms, kitchens, and an adjacent outdoor area for each home during the non-heating and heating seasons. Nineteen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were studied by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The higher concentrations of PAHs occurred in inland than coastal and industrial area than other districts. The PAHs were more concentrated in outdoor air samples in both cities, but the opposite trend was observed in the dust samples. Compared with bedrooms, higher concentrations of gas-phase PAHs occurred in kitchen. PHE (36.4%) and FLU (18.0%) were the dominant PAHs measured in air samples, whereas middle molecular weight PAHs (34.0%) and high molecular weight PAHs (44.3%) were greater in dust bound PAHs. The I/O ratios of 2–3 rings PAHs in the air were greater than 4–7 rings in both cites indicating that indoor sources had a greater impact on low molecular weight PAHs. The positive matrix factorization (PMF) model identified vehicle exhaust and biomass/coal combustion as the main PAH sources in both outdoor air and dust samples while cooking and solvent use contributed more to indoor samples. Dermal contact with dust accounted for 79.1–85.1% of the total incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) in the study area. Children's ingestion risk was 1.34 and 1.37 times that of adults for both indoor and outdoor sampling areas, respectively.
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